Mirco biology: Unit 2

true or False: anabolic reaction generate atp

false

true or false: oxidative phosphorylation converts ADP to ATP

true

true or false: cellular reactions phosphorylate ATP to form ADP

false

true or false: catabolic reactions generate ADP

false

true or false: when ADP is dephosphorylated it forms ATP

false

Definition: enzyme transers phosphate

substrate-level phosphorylation

definition: oxidative + substrate-level reaction

cellular respiration

definition: sunlight used

photophosphorylation

definition: nutrients used

oxidative phosphorylation

what

true or false ADP becomes ATP when it gains a phosphate

true

true or false: photophosphorylation requires sunlight

true

which process do not depend on glucose

phototrophs and photophosphorylation

what is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

catabolism = breaks big molecules down into smaller

anabolism = builds small molecules to big

what is catabolism

breaks big molecules to small molecules (releases energy)

what is anabolism

builds small molecules to big (uses energy)

why does the cell need both catabolism and anabolism

catabolism gives energy, anabolism uses that energy to build cell parts

how do enzymes help reactions happen faster

they act like helpers that lower the energy cost of reactions

what is a cofactor?

is an inorganic ion (often a metal) that activates an enzyme

what is the function of an enzyme

speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

cofactor = what?

tool (metal ion)

enzyme = what

worker

what happens to an enzyme without its required cofactor

the enzyme remains inactive and cannot perform its reaction

what is ATP

Is the main energy molecule used by cells to power reactions

how does ATP become ADP

ATP loses a phosphate group (dephosphorylation), releasing energy

why must cells constantly regenerate ATP

is unstable and cannot be stored; it must be continuously produced

what is a phototroph

an organism that uses light as its energy source w

what is a chemotroph

an organism that uses chemical compounds as its energy source

what is an organotroph

an organism that obtains electrons from organic molecules w

what is a lithotroph

an organism that obtains electrons from inorganic molecules

define autrotroph

an organism that uses CO2 as its carbon source

define heterotroph

an organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules

define chemoorganoheterotroph

an organism that uses chemicals for energy, organic molecules for electrons, and organic carbon for growth

what is photophosphorylation

the use of light energy to convert ADP into ATP

what is substrate-level phosphorylation?

direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP an enzyme

where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur

in glycolysis and the krebs cycle

what is oxidative phosphorylation

ATP production using the electron transport chain and energy from nutrient oxidation

why is oxidative phosphorylation efficient

it produces large amounts of ATP through sequential electron transfers

the electrons that enter the ETC were released in the _____ reactions.

catabolic (claws break things apart)

nutrients like glucose are broken down in ____.

glycolysis (sugar splitting)

electrons are also released during oxidizing reaction in the ____

krebs cycle (electron factory

electrons are carried to the ETC by ____.

NADH and FADH2 (full trucks carrying electrons)

electrons provide energy to set up the _____ that drives oxidative phosphorylation

proton motive force (pressure that spins ATP synthase)

which final electron acceptor equation is aerobic?

O2 + 4H^+ + 4e- = 2H2O (Aerobic = air = oxygen)

why is “anaerobic organisms only” an incorrect answer for fermentation?

fermentation occurs when organisms lack an ETC, can be triggered when final electron acceptor is absent, occurs if final electron acceptor is low. (Backup generator)

the krebs cycle produces the greatest quantity of which product

NADH

high-energy intermediates produced by krebs cycle

ATP, NADH, FADH2 (energy trio)

least to most ATP: what yields the smallest amount?

Fermentation (Tiny ATP)

least to most ATP: What yields 2 ATP?

glycolysis (sugar splitting)

least to most ATP: What yields 4 ATP?

krebs cycle (electron factory bonus)

least to most ATP: what yields 34 ATP

electron transport chain ( waterfall of electrons)

least to most ATP: what yields 48 ATP?

lipid oxidation (fat=high energy)

which statements about glycolysis are False?

ATP is generated via oxidative phosphorylation. 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 pyruvate are products. Glycolysis requires oxygen

Remember glycolysis

no, oxygen, 2 pyruvate, substrate-level phosphorylation

compare: what do anaerobic respiration and fermentation both have

Glycolysis and occur without oxygen (No O2 needed)

what is true only for fermentation

No ETC, Tiny ATP, toxic by products, can be sued alone. (backup generator)

what is true only for anaerobic respiration?

uses ETC with alternative final electron acceptor. (ETC but no oxygen)

what is the purpose of glycolysis

split glucose to make ATP + NADH

what drives ATP synthase

proton motive force (pressure turbine)

what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

oxygen

memory Aerobic = ?

air

what carries electrons to the ETC

NADH and FADH2 (full trucks )

what is chemiosmosis

H+ flow to ATP synthase to ATP (waterwheel)

what is oxidation?

loss of electrons (LEO the lion)

what is reduction?

gain of electrons (GER)

memory Reduction (GER =?)

gain electrons reduction

total ATP from aerobic glucose metabolism?

38 ATP

wht don’t microbes build new pathways for fructose or lactose?

they add extra enzymes to convert them into glucose or G69. (Different chargers = same USB port)

why must polysaccharides be broken down first?

They are too large to enter the cell. (Too big for the door)

what enzyme breaks proteins into amino acids?

proteases

remember breaks proteins into amino acids

protein to protease

why are amino acids valuable

they provide carbon, energy, nitrogen, and sulfur.

what enzyme breaks lipids

lipases

what pathway breaks fatty acids into acetyl-CoA

B-oxidation (fat chopped into fuel pieces

How much ATP does lipid metabolism produce?

about 48 ATP

why do cells use many small steps n metabolism

to prevent heat damage and reduce energy loss (Too fast = too hot)

what do non-glucose nutrients ultimately enter?

glycolysis or Krebs cycle

what does B-oxidation produce that enters Krebs?

Acetyl-CoA

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis is the product of _____ oxidation

H2O

what provides the energy to generate ATP in photophosphorylation

redox reactions of the electron transport chain (light excites electrons to ETC to proton gradient to ATP)

what organelle performs photosynthesis

chloroplast (solar panel)

what pigment absorbs sunlight

chlorophyll (green = absorbs light)

what do light reactions produce?

ATP, NADPH, O2 (light=energy + oxygen)

what molecule is split in light reactions?

H2O (water to Oxygen)

what powers ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

proton motive force (pressure turbine)

what do dark reaction produce?

G3P to Glucose (dark = sugar building)

what is carbon fixation?

turning CO2 into organic molecules (Fixing carbon = making sugar)

how many turns of the Calvin cycle make one glucose?

six (6Co2 to 1 glucose)

what reduces NADP+ to NADPH?

light reaction (light= charging NADPH)

what oxidizes NADPH back to NADP+?

Calvin cycle (dark = using NADPH)

what does protease do?

breaks proteins into amino acids

what does catalase do?

breaks hydrogen peroxide into water + oxygen

what does lipase do?

breaks lipids into glycerol + fatty acids

hydrolase function?

breaks bonds using water (hydro =water)

imsomerase function?

rearranges bonds to isomer (same formula, new shape)

ligase function?

forms covalent bonds to join molecules

memory to ligase =?

linker

lyase function

breaks bonds without water or oxidation (slice without water)

oxidoreductase function?

transfers electrons

transferase function

moves functional group (group mover)