Church History Ch.8 Intro-Section 2

modernism

Movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that attempted to reduce Church teaching to modern advances in history, science, and biblical research.

capitalism

Economic and sociopolitical system with limited government control, centered upon the free market and with an emphasis on private property, sometimes resulting in economic inequality.

socialism

Economic and sociopolitical theory that advocates for the government or society as a whole to own and administer production and distribution of goods.

Social Darwinism

Theories of Charles Darwin applied to the social realm. The concept of “survival of the fittest.”

Communism

Socioeconomic and political system that aims to bring about a utopian society on earth as envisioned by Karl Marx.

Universal destination of goods

Principle that resources and material goods within society should be accessible to humanity as a whole rather than restricted to the private realm.

subsidiarity

Social principle that stipulates that social matters should be taken care of at the lowest, most local level of authority possible.

common good

Collective well-being of society as a whole particularly in matters related to social justice.

Industrial Revolution

The ______________ and the corresponding emphasis on capitalism meant that life in countries affected by theses developments could be miserable

poor, long, exploited, health and safety; legal; factories

Industrial jobs typically paid _______ wages, required ______ hours, ________ workers (especially children and immigrants), and jeopardized _______ and _______. Workers had few ________ protections. Many people who could not or would not find jobs in __________ were left to starve.

tycoons

Political leaders were often influenced by industry _________ who wanted to preserve the status quo.

Tycoon

Very wealthy business person; they often use money to influence people to do what they want. Ex: monopoly.

pure capitalism

You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.

capitalism

You don’t have any cows. The bank will not lend you money to buy cows, because you don’t have any cows to put up as collaterol.

pure communism

You have two cows. Your neighbors help you take care of them, and you all share the milk.

Real World Communism

You share two cows with your neighbors. You and your neighbors bicker about who has the most “ability” and who has the most “need”. Meanwhile, no one works, no one gets any milk, and the cows drop dead of starvation.

Pure socialism

You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else’s cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The government gives you all the milk you need.

increase, factories, railroad, relocate, societies, families

The Industrial Revolution Resulted in:

• A __________ in the production of goods.

• Creation of ________ in new regions.

• Expansion of the _________ system.

• People could _________ more easily.

• Changes of roles within _________, of ________ and individuals.

both

Did the industrial revolution have only positive outcomes, only negative outcomes, or both positive and negative outcomes.

Rerum Novarum

An encyclical by Pope Leo XXIII in response to human rights concerns. Affirmed the right to private property. Condemned the inevitable, violent revolution and class warfare present in communism. Defended the rights of workers to a living wage and to unionize. Expressed that the state can sometimes intervene in the economic sphere to defend workers. Noted that all people have basic rights that flow from natural law and that these rights should be respected.

Life and dignity of the human person

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: Death penalty, abortion.

call to family, community, and participation

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: participating in mass, sanctity of marriage.

Rights and Responsibilities

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: civil rights, religious freedom.

option for the poor and vulnerable

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: tithing (give money to the church), service hours.

Dignity of work and the right of workers

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: Child labor, workers rights.

Solidarity

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: Everyone has a role in community to participate.

Care for God’s Creation

7 Principles of Catholic Social Teaching Examples: take care of the environment.

Rerum Novarum

Literally mean “of new things.” Pope Leo felt called to acknowledge the miserable conditions that so many experienced and to address the pressing need to remedy these conditions.

fair, reasonable, safe, child labor; union, negotiate; common good, human rights; God, dignity

Pope Leo XIII’s letter (Rerum Novarum) outlined principles underlying a moral response to the social problems caused by industrialization: Workers have a right to a ______ wage, ________ work hours, and _______ working conditions. __________ should be strictly limited. Workers should be free to create ________ and _________ working conditions. The first responsibility of governments is to serve the __________ and protect basic __________ for all. The earth and all its goods belong to ________, who intended his creation to provide all human beings with the means to live in ________.

subsidiarity; higher, lower; higher

In Rerum Novarum, Pope Leo XIII also emphasized the principle of _________—society should provide services and enact laws at the lowest possible level of government. A ________ level of government should not oversee laws and services that a ________ level government can handle just as well, often better. A ________ level of government should intervene only when there is a real need to promote the common good.

subsidiarity

Arises from the belief that individuals have God-given freedom to make choices about how to live. Likewise, local government and organizations are in the best position to address the needs of the community.

The Reconstruction of the Social Order (Quadragesimo Anno)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1993 Pope Pius XI

• Criticizes capitalism and socialism

• Criticizes economic disparities

• Introduces subsidiarity

Christianity and Social Progress (Mater et Magistra)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1961 Pope Saint John XXIII

• Concern for workers and women

• Weapons budgets threaten society

Peace on Earth (Pacem in Terris)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1963 Pope Saint John XXIII

• Peace → social order

• human rights listed

• Warns against warfare, nuclear and otherwise

The Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1965 2nd Vatican Council

• Church must serve the world, work with others to promote common good

• Condemns weapons of mass destruction

• Peace does not mean lack of war

The Development of Peoples (Popularum Progressio)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1967 Pope Paul VI

• True progress toward the whole for fulfillment of potential (spiritual, economic, social, and cultural)

• Poor → economic development = Wealthy → moral development

• Criticizes unrestrained capitalism because of profit and private ownership

A Call to Action (Octogesima Adveniens)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1971 Pope Paul VI

• Christians and people of goodwill need to continue social justice work

• Urges awareness of social needs and injustices

• Provides analysis of the appropriate responses to those needs and injustices

On Human Work (Laborem Exercens)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1981 Pope Saint John Paul II

• Work at the center of social issues

• all people able to work have the right and duty to work

• workers have rights and people are more important than profit or goods

The Hundredth Year (Centesimus Annus)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 1991 Pope Saint John Paul II

• collapse of communism due to people being treated like objects

• capitalism is efficient only when oriented toward the common good

• right to private property should not take precedence over distributing the world’s resources

Charity in Truth (Caritas in Veritate)

Catholic Social Doctrine Documents:

• 2009 Pope Benedict XVI

• justice in all economic activity

• exclusion of religion from society and religious fundamentalism are obstacles to a just society

• technology should serve the common good not drive the society

The Challenge of Peace: God’s Promise and Our Response

• Not an encyclical

• Catholic Social Doctrine Document

• 1982 U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops

• Peace based on deterrence is not real peace

• Money for arms race could be better spent fighting poverty and hunger

• Arms race must end, stockpiles diminished/eliminated, new weapon creation stopped

Economic Justice for All: A Pastoral Letter on Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy

• Not an encyclical

• Catholic Social Doctrine Document

• 1986 U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops

• Economic decisions based on their protection or undermining of human dignity

• All members of society have obligation to help poor and vulnerable

• The Church should be an example of economic justice → how it treats employees, invests savings, and serves those in needPop

Giuseppe Sarto

Pope Pius X real name.

The Gregorian Chant

What did Pope Pius X bring back to masses?

Restoration of liturgical music

Pope Pius X’s motto is to restore all things in Christ.

First Holy Communion at age of reason

Pope Pius X changed age of first holy communion from 12 to 7.

Catholic Action

Is a lay organization with chapters all over the world.

New catechism

Pope Pius X made sure all parishes have CCD programs with trained catechists.

He hated modernism so he made it his mission to get rid of it.

How did Pope Pius X feel about modernism? (“the synthesis of all heresies”)

An anti-modernist oath to not teach anything made under modernist idea.

What was the oath that Pope Pius X required teachers and priests to take?

Sodalitium Pianum

• Not an encyclical

• Pope Pius X established this

• A secret network of informants advising him of questionable seminary professors

contained

Pope Pius X _________ the modernist crisis.

heretical dogmatic

Pope Pius X protected the Church from _________ ________ teachings.

intellectual inquiry

Pope Pius X slowed progress of Catholic _________ ________.

suffer

Pope Pius X’s efforts caused some innocent, modernist Catholic scholars, faithful to doctrine, to ________.

Liturgical Movement

Gregorian chant recaptured the simplicity and grandeur of worship in the Middle Ages. The liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church was still celebrated in Latin. As early as 1909 liturgists began to wonder if liturgy in the local language would promote participation. Various efforts to encourage participation were begun. Most practical efforts would not be made until after WW2. Easter Vigil. Vernacular.

easter vigil

Where people who are becoming Catholic receive the sacraments.

Divino Afflante Spiritu

• Encyclical

• marked landmark because it allowed for historical research

• Catholic scholarly journals like these came under suspicion: Revue Biblique, Ecole Biblique. Had come under review because of modernism.

• Offered welcome clarification

• Gave guidelines for the study of biblical texts

• Advocating that determining of the literal meaning be a focus of Biblical Exegesis

Exegesis

Should use biblical texts

Encyclical

Encouraged exegetes to use historical methods in discerning God’s message.

Exegates

Were told to investigate the life and times of the Scripture writers. Those directives paved the way to a new era in biblical scholarship.

Catechetical Movement

Pope Pius X mandated children in public school receive religious education. These priorities resulted in a need for the training of Catechists. Was instrumental in formulating a question-and-answer catechism. German priests and catechists began to adopt the methods of educational psychologists.

methodology; Good News; liturgical; Christ

After the war Josef Jungmann took catechetical renewal beyond advances in _________. The proclamation of the ________. The kerygmatic movement was allied with the __________ movement. Both movements aimed for a renewed focus on ________.