Religious Wars and Reformation Unit -AP Euro

The Protestant Reformation

The period of time in which Protestantism was born and started by Martin Luther in northern Germany because of the perceived corruption in the Catholic Church

Simony

The sale of church offices for profit; Reformers we outraged that unqualified people would become bishops or cardinals

Pluralism

The official holding of more than one office at a time

Absenteeism

The official not participating in the duties required of a job but still making a profit

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

The weakened and corrupt Catholic Church

Questioning of the church

Clerical Ignorance; many priests were illiterate and some abused their power

Jan Hus

An important reformer in Bohemia (modern day Czechoslovakia) that translated the first bible into Czech

Erasmus

Wrote the Praise Of Folly and criticized corruption in the church and hypocrisy of the clergy; He walked so Luther could run

Martin Luther

Augustinian monk who led the Protestant Reformation and wrote texts calling for reforms in the church, criticizing indulgences, and questioning the Catholic Church’s authority to dictate the meaning of scripture

Diet of Worms in 1521

A tribunal with the Holy Roman Empire that resulted in the excommunication of Martin Luther for his “Theology of Reform” and his criticism of the Church

Protestantism

Salvation is achieved through faith alone

Rejected good works as a means to salvation

Bible is the sole authority

Rejected transubstantiation

Rejected the hierarchical system of the Catholic Church

Emperor Charles V

Emperor of Holy Roman Empire; opposed Martin Luther and the spread of Protestantism

Peasants Wars

The uprisings of peasants empowered by Lutheranism to demand rights from nobles

First Half of the 16th century

Henry the 8

Second half of the 16th century

Elizabeth 1

Henry VIII

2nd Tudor monarch, had six wives, responsible for the birth of the Anglican Church after he broke away from the Catholic Church when they denied him an annulment

English Reformation

The time period in which the Anglican Church was born

Act of Supremacy

Made the king of England head of the English church

Edward VI

Child king, Henry’s only son, implemented practices like allowing the clergy to marry, salvation by faith alone, denial of transubstantiation, only two sacraments

Mary Tudor

“Bloody Mary” tried to reimpose Catholicism was the wife of Philip II

Elizabeth I

Held Protestant views, effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism in England, Elizabethan settlement allowed Catholics to worship privately, 39 articles defined the Anglican church

Mary Stuart

Beheaded by Elizabeth because she was a catholic heir

Counter reformation

Reformations in the Catholic Church made to stop the growth of protestantism

Council of Trent

Reaffirmed Catholic practices

Results of the reformation

Unity of Christianity shattered, religious enthusiasm rekindled, abuses in the Catholic Church were remedied

Hapsburg Valois wars

Charles VII of France invaded Italy, Spain and Italy won and there ended up being no dominant power in Europe

St Bartholomews Day Massacre

Catherine d medici ordered the murder of 70,000 Protestants that had come for a royal wedding

Henry of Navarre

First bourbon king converted bar are to Catholicism

Thirty years war

4 phases between Catholics and Protestants

Bohemian Phase

Modern day Czechoslovakia, defenestration of prague

Denmark phase

Lutheran king of Denmark invades the HRE to help Protestants

Swedish phase

Lutheran forces, cardinal richelieu, the father of modern warfare, won with mobile artillery

Results of the thirty years war

No one dominant power or winner, Switzerland becomes a federation, weakened Holy Roman Empire