token economy

what is token economy based behaviourism

This is a behavioural technique based on skinners operant conditioning its learning through re enforcement of a desired behaviour. 

How does it work

The tokens are used as a type of positive re enforcement. They are a reward handed out when patients show a pre determined behaviour such as washing independently. These tokens are then exchanged for something that they want eg chocolate or a certain activity.

Behaviour shaping

Behaviours are progressively changed with tokens first given for small change in behaviour towards the ideal and then progressively given for larger changes until ideal behaviour is reached. 

where is the treatment used

can only be used in hospitals or to prepare transfer into the community but doesn’t work outside. 

what does it treat

treats mild negative symptoms those who’s condition is more sever lack the motivation to engage

although its called a treatment what does it actually do

A token economy does not treat the underlying symptoms of schizophrenia (such as hallucinations or delusions). Instead, it helps with managing behaviour and improving daily functioning, especially in long-term hospital settings.

One strength is that there is evidence in support of token economies 

One strength is that there is evidence in support of token economies from Dickerson he found that 11/13 studies reported benefits from using token economy. They found it improved adaptive behaviours of people with schizophrenia  

One limitation is that it doesn’t treat the underling cause of schizophrenia 

this means that its effect are limited whilst it can help reduce negative symptoms in hospitals. Outpatients often as a result of there positive symptoms don’t maintain the behaviours they learnt inside. 

Token economy has also been called unethical

In order for positive reinforcement to take place we need to first take away certain things such as privacy and foods and other privileges. This contradicts the idea that humans have the rights to things without earning them. Also essentially you end up rewarding people who are the healthiest as they are most able to be motivate and learn the behaviour. This could be seen as punishing people for there illness.