Coins – the first form of money | Quizlet

take something for granted

(idiom) Few people pay much attention to coins; we take them for granted.

coi điều gì đó là hiển nhiên

promotion = advertising

Khuyến mãi, Quảng cáo

a way of advertising the qualities of each particular city-state :iền xu được dùng như một cách để quảng cáo những phẩm chất tốt đẹp của từng thành bang cụ thể

advent

(n) Since the advent of paper currency...

sự ra đời, sự xuất hiện

abandonment

(n) ...and the abandonment of a monetary system...

sự từ bỏ, sự ruồng bỏ

monetary

(adj) ...abandonment of a monetary system based on intrinsic of actual value... thuộc về tiền tệ

intrinsic

(adj) ...based on intrinsic of actual value...

thuộc bản chất, thực chất

demote

(v) ...they have been demoted to the status of change... giáng chức, hạ thấp vị thế

obsolete

(adj) There is even a belief that they will one day be obsolete... lỗi thời, không còn sử dụng

formulation

(n) ...the pure status of a mathematical formulation... công thức, sự hình thành

debit

(n) ...a system of electronic credits and debits. khoản nợ, ghi nợ

overwhelming

(adj) ...the sheer number of visual images is overwhelming... quá tải, áp đảo

durable

(adj) ...coins are among the most durable of our artefacts... bền bỉ, lâu bền

artefact

(n) ...coins are among the most durable of our artefacts... đồ tạo tác, cổ vật

scrutinise

(v) ...future archaeologists will scrutinise coins...

xem xét kỹ lưỡng

ancestor

(n) ...in order to learn about their distant ancestors.

tổ tiên

millennium

(n) ...ancient coins have informed us for over four millennia. thiên niên kỷ

documentary

(adj) ...tiny but rich sources of documentary evidence... mang tính tài liệu

exquisite

(adj) ...frequently produced with exquisite craftsmanship. tinh tế, tuyệt đẹp

craftsmanship

(n) ...frequently produced with exquisite craftsmanship. sự khéo léo, tay nghề

originate

(v) ...seem to have originated in the ancient kingdom of Lydia... bắt nguồn, khởi phát

barter

(n) Before coins, trade was based on barter...

sự trao đổi hàng hóa

commodity

(n) ...the direct trade of commodities. hàng hóa

portable

(adj) Metal coins were far more portable...

dễ mang theo, di động

spoilage

(n) ...and not subject to the same spoilage on long sea journeys... sự hư hỏng

accumulate

(v) However, they could also be accumulated...

tích lũy, gom góp

hoard

(n) ...and these hoards could be stolen.

kho báu, quỹ dự trữ

temptation

(n) Coins were therefore a temptation to criminals.

sự cám dỗ

seafarer

(n) They were a trading people of seafarers.

người đi biển

decentralise

(v) ...was highly decentralised. phân quyền, phân tán

benefit enormously

(verb phrase) ...they could benefit enormously from a system that used coins... hưởng lợi to lớn

inflation

(n) ...it resulted in serious inflation. lạm phát

purity

(n) ...had to guarantee was the purity of the metal...

độ tinh khiết

accusation

(n) ...to prevent accusations of fraud and cheating...

sự cáo buộc

fraud

(n) ...to prevent accusations of fraud and cheating...

sự gian lận

unrest

(n) ...which could cause fighting and unrest.

sự bất ổn, tình trạng lộn xộn

displacement

(n) ...by measuring the amount of displacement...

sự dịch chuyển (nước)

immerse

(v) ...when coins were immersed in water...

nhúng, dìm xuống nước

alloy

(v) ...it was possible to establish whether gold was alloyed with silver. pha trộn hợp kim

engrave

(v) All ancient coins were made by hand using engraved metal moulds. chạm khắc

mould

(n) ...using engraved metal moulds. khuôn đúc

artisan

(n) ...the moulds had to be remade repeatedly, by many different artisans.

thợ thủ công

anonymous

(adj) ...they are the work of anonymous craftsmen... vô danh

intimate

(adj) ...each coin is an intimate reflection of the character... thân mật, gần gũi, sâu sắc

circulate

(v) ...coins, which circulated around the trading world...

lưu thông, tuần hoàn

sculptor

(n) ...which was the home of the greatest sculptors of the classical period... nhà điêu khắc

patron

(n) The beautiful features of the city's patron...

vị thần bảo hộ

reverse

(n) ...(with her owl on the reverse of the coin)... mặt trái (đồng xu)

virtually

(adv) ...seem to have been repeated virtually unaltered for many years. hầu như, gần như

unaltered

(adj) ...repeated virtually unaltered for many years.

không thay đổi

uniform

(adj) ...a uniform design implied integrity. đồng nhất

integrity = trustworthiness

(n) ...a uniform design implied integrity.

sự nguyên vẹn, tính chính trực

divinity

(n) One side of a coin was always occupied by the head of a divinity... thần thánh

portrait

Chân dung (Bức vẽ, bức họa, hoặc bức ảnh của một người, đặc biệt là phần đầu và vai)

Greek coins to replace that head with the portrait of the reigning monarch

reigning

(adj) ...with the portrait of the reigning monarch...

đang trị vì

monarch

(n) ...with the portrait of the reigning monarch...

quốc vương,

monarchy

(n) ...a tradition that has continued in monarchies to the present day. chế độ quân chủ

republic

(n) Republics may have either symbolic heads...

nước cộng hòa

distinguished

(adj) ...or the features of a distinguished past head of state. lỗi lạc, xuất chúng