Applied Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 (MSU VMT)

enamel

the hardest substance in the body

what is the second hardest substance in the body?

bone

osteoblast

cells that produce bone

ossification

osteoblast harden the matrix through a process called

osteocyte

once ossification has occurred, osteoblasts are then called this,

also maintain the bone tissue

functions of bone

1. support

2.protection

3.leverage

4.storage

5. blood cell formation

hematopoesis

blood cell formation

Periosteum

the outer surface of the bone are covered with a membrane known as ...

cancellous bone

spaces are filled with marrow

spongy bone

compact bone

dense, hard, strong

shafts of long bone

osteogenic cell

develops into osteoblast

osteoclast

functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone matrix

Volkmann's canals

channels in the bone matrix which join to blood vessels

haversian cannals

brings nutrients to the osteocytes and connected to volkmanns canals

nutrient foramina

large holes in bones where things like large blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter

what can look like crack like type fractures in radiographs

nutrient foramina, volkmanns canal and haversian canals

endochondral bone formation

-body lays down a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone

primary growth center

the long bones start developing in the diaphysis of the cartilage

secondary growth center

the epiphyses ends of the bone are the...

epiphyseal plates

plates of cartilage , allows the long bones to lengthen as the animal grows

intramembranous bone formation

happens only in certain bones of the skull

creates the flat bones of the cranium that surround the brain, occurs in primitive connective tissue

red bone marrow

makes up the majority of the marrow in young animals but only a little left in older animals (long bones, sternum, pelvic bones)

makes red blood cells

yellow bone marrow

consists of mostly adipose tissue,

most common marrow in adult animals

does not have the ability to produce red blood cells but does have ability to revert back to red bone marrow if needed

mandible

the only moveable joint in the skull

sutures

immovable joints of the skull

hyoid apparataus

located high in the neck

supports the base of tongue, pharynx, and larynx, helps animal swallow

only can be seen in x-rays

invertebral discs

separates vertebrae and absorbs shock

spinous process

located dorsally on vertebrae

transverse process

located laterally on vertebrae

articular process

located on the ends pf vertebrae and acts as joints

cervical vertebra

neck vertebra, 7 on domesticated animals

atlas

c1 vertebra

yes joint

axis

c2

no joint

has the dens

thoracic vertebra

number varies between animals, very tall spinous process, comes after cervical vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae

number varies between species,

largest bone in spinal column

long transverse and spinous processes

must support the weight of the abdomen

sacral vertebra

vertebra fused to make a single structure called the sacrum

forms a joint with the pelvis called the sacroiliac joint

coccygeal vertebrae

bones of the tail

number varies on species

towards end of tail, they become simple rods

floating ribs

ribs that are unattached

manubrium

first part of sternum

xiphoid process

last part of sternum

costal cartilage

connects ribs to sternum

costalchondral junction

where the ribs and costal cartilage meet

acromion

expanded portion of the distal end of the spine

glenoid cavity

the concave articular surface

brachium

upper arm

greater tubercle

largest process opposite the head of the humerus

trochlea

the medial distal condyle is called --- and it articulates with the ulna

capitulum

distal condyle is called --- and it articulates with the radius

olecrannon fossa

The Posterior depression of the humerus (located at the distal end)

antebrachium

lower arm

olecrannon process

forms the point of the elbow

trochlear notch

a half moon shaped surface that wraps around the humeral condyle to make the elbow joint secure

anconeal process

proximal end of the trochlear notch and tucks in the olecrannon fossa

radius

main weight bearing bone of antebrachium

shaft is very straight in cats, bowed in dogs, horses, and swine

Carpal

proximal row are radial, ulnar, and accessory

ungual process

process that surrounded by the claw

pelvic symphyses

the two halves of the pelvis are joined by a cartilinagious joint

obturator foramen

two large holes on either side of pelvis for vessels to run through but to also lighten the pelvis

illium

cranial most portion of pelvis

forms sacroiliac joint

ischium

caudal most aspect of pelvis, projecting portion is called ischial tuberosity (pins)

pubis

smallest part of pelvis, forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor

acetabulum

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

trochlea

a smooth, grooved articular process for patella to ride

greater trochanter

larger process near head of femur

patella

knee cap

largest sesamoid bone

fabellae

2 small sesamoid bones located in proximal tendons of calf muscle behind knee

not present in cattle and horses

will only see in radiographs

tibial tuberosity

the point that faces forward on the proximal in of the tibia

tibial crest

ridge on the front of the tibia

fibula

thin

does not support any weight but serves as muscle attachment site

phalanges

typically animals only have II-IV

os cordis

is a bone in the heart of cattle and sheep that helps support the valves of the heart

os penis

is a bone found in the penis of dogs, beavers, racoons, and walruses that surrounds the penile, portion of the urethra

os rostri

is a bone in the nose of swine used for rooting

joint

the junction between two bones is known as --- pr articulation point

synovial joints

consists of joint capsule, ligaments, synovial membranes, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and menisci

synovial fluid

provides lubrication to the joint

atlanto-occipital joint

The location where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyles.

atlanto-axial joint

articulation between the atlas and axis

nuchal ligament

elastic connective tissue that connects the upper cervical vertebra or skull to spinous processes of the thoracic vertebra

-helps support the head

canine nuchal ligament

extends from spinous process of the axis to spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra

feline nuchal ligament

absent in felines

bovine and equine nuchal ligament

arises from the skull and inserts on spinous processes of thoracic vertebra at the level of withers

skeletal muscle

cranial/spinal nerves

striated

have red, white, and intermediate muscle

smooth muscle

no striations

autonomic nervous system

involuntary

visceral structures- intestines, sweat/salivary glands

cardiac muscle

autonomic nervous system

striations

intercalated disks (make their own action potential)

functions of muscles

1. locomotion

2. movement

connective tissue order

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, epimysium

endomysium

muscle fibers sarcolemma

perimysium

muscle fascicles

Epimysium

continuous with tendon or aponeurosis

skeletal muscle order

myofilaments, myofibrils, muscle fiber, muscle fiber bundle, muscle

Actin

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.

myosin

A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber

Sarcotubular system

made up sarcoplasmic reticulum, t tubule

why is the sarcoplasmic system important

storage of calcium

Acetylcholine (Ach)

a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory and muscle movement, released at synaptic gap

functions of integumentary system

-prevents disiccation, reduces threat of injury, maintains normal body temperature, excretes water, salt, and organic wastes, receives and conveys sensory information, synthesizes vitamin D; stores nutrients

layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

keratinocytes

produce keratin - a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.

melanocytes

produce melanin pigment