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what is the microphone dBu level?
-60 dBu
Professional line level is?
+4 dBu
Gain Structure is?
The audio levels at different points in the signal flow
Signal Flow
The path the audio takes through the audio chain
The function of the pan pot could be to?
Vary the relative gain being being fed to both slides of a set of speakers.
An audio bus is a?
A common signal path
A Pot is?
A potentiometer
A fold back system..........?
Routes the signal to headphone monitors
AFL and PFL are associated with the console?
Solo system
The location where all devices in the studio can be interconnected is called the?
Patch bay or Jack field
Look at symbol for an amplifier
Look at symbol for "a switch"
Given a console that is marketed as being a 48 X 8 X 2 console, how many inputs does the console have?
48
The layout of analog patch bays typically has ........... over ...........
Outputs, inputs
What is the recording console's first gain stage?
Microphone preamp
This is the technical term (wiring term) used to describe a patch point that automatically connects an output to an input without using patch cables?
Normalled
This type of cable wiring is used in professional audio systems because it helps reject noise
balanced
When creating a headphone mix, you want your auxiliary sends to be set as.............. so that they are independent of the console fader.
pre-fader
You would use this connection point on the console to add an external compressor to the signal chain.
Insert
The most common professional microphone connector is called a?
XLR plug
balanced inputs have what advantage over unbalanced inputs?
CMR noise rejection
To connect an electric guitar directly into a console preamplifier you need a?
DI Box
An unbalanced Cable is
high impedance
Most budget mixers as well as home stereos have this kind of EQ for the treble and bass
Shelving
Filters are usually identified by?
Cut of frequency
All analog EQ's and many digital EQ's create........ when used?
Phase Shift
Parametric means that these qualities on an EQ are variable?
Level, frequency and "Q"
What control on a compressor tells it how much to attenuate the output?
Compression ratio
The side chain input on a compressor might also be called the?
Key input
An expander is normally used in the studio to?
Control noise and leakage
A compression ratio is a ratio of?
input to output
A threshold control of a compressor/limiter?
Sets the dB level above which compression will begin to be applied
If a compressor threshold is set at 0 dB and the compression ratio at 2:1 an input signal os +12 dB would produce and output at?
+6 dB
A time processor effect replicating an instrument playing the same part over again is known as?
ADT
Which of the following best describes the flanging effect?
A shifting comb filter with harmonically related null points.
Spring reverb is known for its?
"Twangy", sound
An echo chamber?
Creates natural sounding reverberation
The decay time of a reverb is measured......
As how long it takes the initial sound to decay 60 dB
This type of reverb device uses an electromechanical transducer to create a vibration in a large piece of sheet metal.
plate
What brought about the need for developing and applying artificial reverb?
Close mixing and multi-tracking
The more reverb effect used on an instrument signal.......
The further away that instrument sounds
Review: Two prong XLR connector:
Low impedance
low voltage and potentially high current
High impedance
low current and potentially high voltage
A connector used on microphones unbalanced
XLR connectors
Review: 1/4" TRS connector (What it looks like)
Review: TT- "Tiny Telephone" connector (What it looks like)
Review: 1/4" phone or TS connector (What it looks like)
Review: What is slope, (6 dB per octave on graph)
for each octave (doubling of frequency) above 4000 Hz, the level of frequencies will be diminished by an additional 6 dB.
Voltage
The amount of work required in moving one \n electric charge from one point to the other.
Current
The amount of charge passing through the \n circuit in unit time.
Resistance
The opposition offered by the flow of \n current in the circuit.
Power:
The product of work done and the number of \n electrons passing through the circuit in unit time. Watt \n is the unit
the 4 basic units of electricity are
volts, amps, \n ohms, and watts.
What is the formula for power
10log (P1/P2)
1 Watt to 2 Watts
10 x log 2W/1W
10 x log 2
10 x .3
3
a doubling of power yields a
3 dB increase
What is the formula for Voltage
20log (V1/V2)
double of voltage (pressure)
6 dB increase
Doubling the distance
DECREASES the Sound \n Pressure Level by 6 dB
Halving the distance
INCREASES the Sound \n Pressure Level by 6 dB.
dBm
Power Reference
dBu
Voltage Reference
dBFS
Digital Audio
dB SPL
Acoustical sound pressure level
Analogs
Digital
Nyquist frequency
(highest frequency \n to be recorded
The most common system for analog to digital conversion
PCM - Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling frequency determines
Bandwidth
Bit Depth determines
Dynamic Range
Violation of Nyquist’s law
(having audio \n frequencies above ½ the sampling frequency) \n results in the creation of alias waves.
Time interval names
Nyquist rate, sampling frequency, sampling rate
What is used to prevent incorrect sampling of frequencies
Anti-Aliasing Filter(High cut filter)
What is the analog version of anti-aliasing filter
Brick wall analog filter
What is the process of converting analog to digital 0101010001
Quantization
What is digital word length
Bit Depth
Binary numbers
01001011
Formula to find The number of bits per second or bit rate
Bit depth multiplied by the sampling frequency
What is a Rounding error in bits
Quantizing error (Noise)
Large errors are concealed using
Interpolation
If an error cants be corrected what happens
It will be concealed
Jitter
Error in timing of the sampling
How can you reduce a jitter
The use of a master time clock
digital audio interface will provide two or more \n inputs and outputs, in analog and/or digital (
S/PDIF, \n AES/EBU, ADAT, TOSlink, TDIF, etc.) formats.
