anatomy midterm review

The autonomic nervous system is a subdivision of the?

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What is the universal blood donor type?

O negative

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

Which blood vessel is the primary site of gas and nutrient exchange?

Capillaries

Which is a primary lymphatic organ?

Thymus

According to the sliding filament model, muscle contraction occurs when?

Actin and myosin slide past each other

The gap between a neuron and a target cell is called?

Synaptic cleft

Most abundant white blood cell?

Neutrophil

Blood returns from the lungs to the heart via?

Pulmonary veins

Systolic pressure is?

Pressure during ventricular contraction

Adaptive immunity is primarily mediated by?

T cells and B cells

Which muscle type contains intercalated discs?

Cardiac muscle

Which brainstem structure controls heart rate and respiration?

Medulla oblongata

Primary function of platelets?

Blood clotting (hemostasis)

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

Largest artery in the body?

Aorta

Artificial active immunity is acquired through?

Vaccination

Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

Outermost meningeal layer?

Dura mater

Low red blood cell count is called?

Anemia

QRS complex represents?

Ventricular depolarization

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

Spleen is located in which quadrant?

Left upper quadrant

Muscle fatigue is often associated with accumulation of?

Lactic acid

The muscle responsible for a movement is called the?

Prime mover

Rest-and-digest division of the nervous system?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs?

Hematocrit

Thickest layer of the heart wall?

Myocardium

Innermost layer of a blood vessel?

Tunica intima

Most abundant antibody in blood plasma?

IgG

Motor neuron plus all muscle fibers it controls?

Motor unit

Brain lobe responsible for vision?

Occipital lobe

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when?

Rh-negative mother carries Rh-positive fetus

Blood passing through the mitral valve has just left the?

Left atrium

Circulation through the liver is called?

Hepatic portal circulation

T cells that directly kill infected cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

Contraction without change in muscle length?

Isometric contraction

Rapid conduction in myelinated axons?

Saltatory conduction

Blood fluid without clotting factors?

Serum

First heart sound (lub) is caused by?

Closing of AV valves

Fetal shunt connecting pulmonary artery to aorta?

Ductus arteriosus

Which is NOT a sign of inflammation?

Pallor

Pointing toes downward is called?

Plantar flexion

Myelin-producing cells in CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

Erythropoietin is primarily produced by?

Kidneys

Arteries supplying the heart muscle?

Coronary arteries

What feature distinguishes veins from arteries?

Valves

Activated B cells become?

Plasma cells and memory cells

Stationary attachment of a muscle?

Origin

Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone?

Tendon

Fluid in ventricles and subarachnoid space?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Iron-containing oxygen-carrying protein?

Hemoglobin

T wave represents?

Ventricular repolarization

Pulse commonly taken at the wrist from which artery?

Radial artery

Example of innate immunity?

Intact skin and mucous membranes

Primary shoulder abductor?

Deltoid

Neurons carrying impulses away from CNS?

Motor (efferent) neurons

Blood cell formation?

Hematopoiesis

Sac surrounding the heart?

Pericardium

Effect of widespread vasodilation?

Decreased blood pressure

HIV primarily attacks which cells?

Helper T cells (CD4 cells)

Movement decreasing the angle between bones?

Flexion

Thalamus and hypothalamus are part of?

Diencephalon

Thrombin converts what into fibrin?

Fibrinogen

Blood in pulmonary arteries is?

Oxygen-poor

Reduced blood supply to tissue?

Ischemia

Lymph enters lymph nodes through?

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Major calf muscle?

Gastrocnemius

CSF-filled space within spinal cord?

Central canal

Which WBC is an agranulocyte?

Lymphocyte

Cardiac output = ?

Heart rate × stroke volume

Blood vessel layer made of smooth muscle?

Tunica media

Breast milk provides what immunity?

Natural passive immunity

Additional function of skeletal muscle?

Heat production

Muscle that closes the jaw?

Masseter

Muscle cell membrane?

Sarcolemma

Increase in muscle size?

Hypertrophy

Central nervous system consists of?

Brain and spinal cord

Number of cranial nerve pairs?

12

Simplest nerve pathway?

Reflex arc

Normal blood pH?

7.35–7.45

Vitamin required for clotting factor production?

Vitamin K

WBC elevated in allergies and parasites?

Eosinophil

Universal blood recipient?

AB positive

Heart located in what thoracic region?

Mediastinum

Strings attaching AV valves to papillary muscles?

Chordae tendineae

Heart rate below 60 bpm?

Bradycardia

Medical term for heart attack?

Myocardial infarction

Highest blood pressure found in?

Aorta

Capillary walls consist of?

Simple squamous endothelium

Inflammation of a vein?

Phlebitis

Hepatic portal vein carries blood to?

Liver

Right arm lymph drains into?

Right lymphatic duct

Lymphoid tissue in throat?

Tonsils

Substances triggering immune responses?

Antigens

Phagocytosis is part of which defense line?

Second line (innate immunity)

Excessive immune response to harmless antigen?

Allergy (hypersensitivity)

Primary muscle of inspiration?

Diaphragm

Fight-or-flight division?

Sympathetic nervous system

Paired organelles important for moving chromosomes during cell division?

Centrioles