Agri 22 Exam bruh

Advantages of Poultry over Other Livestock Species

• No cultural restrictions

• Has socio-cultural importance

• Shorter production cycle

• Shorter generation interval

• Higher reproduction rate

• Lower production cost / minimal inputs

• Convenience of preparation

Intensive

(i.e. use of sophisticated housing system)

Extensive

(i.e. free-ranging)

Commercial Poultry Farm

Operations

• Broiler

• Layer

• Breeder

• Hatchery

• Native chicken and duck

• Game fowl

Supporting Industries

• Feed milling companies

• Transport services

• Equipment suppliers

• Veterinary suppliers

• Processing plants

• Packaging industries

• Marketing and distribution

Broiler Farms

Central Luzon

Layer Farms

CALABARZON

Native Chicken

Western Visayas

Duck Farms

Central Luzon

China

is the

top producer

of duck meat

in the world

13.93 million birds

As of Dec 2024, the

total duck population

recorded was

Poultry

domesticated birds kept for eggs or meat

Subgroup Archaeopteryx

ancient winged creature

Gallus gallus (red)

Gallus lafayetti (Ceylonese)

Gallus varius (Green)

Gallus sonneratii (Grey)

Peafowl

Pheasant

Guinea Fowl

Swan

Goose

Galliformes

Anseriformes

Mallard

Muscovy

EGG Class

Comparatively small

body size

Normally lays large

white-shelled eggs

Very active

Non-sitters

Leghorn, Minorcas,

Anconas, Mikawa,

Lohmann

MEAT Class

Large body size

Slow movement

Poorer egg layers

Generally lay brown

shelled eggs

Brahmas, Cochin,

Langshans, Cornish,

White Rocks, Cobb,

Ross, Hubbard

GENERAL

PURPOSE Class

Medium sized good layers

Young ones are fast growers

Not so nervous as egg class but

more active than meat class

New Hampshire, Rhode Island

Red, Plymouth Rock, Lancaster,

Nagoya, Cantonese

FANCY Class

Beautiful plumage or form

Rare unusual appearance

Raised as ornamentals or pets

Frizzle, Bantams, Long tailed

General purpose class

Fancy class

Brooding

Early period of growth of poultry

species when supplemental heat must

be provided (Austic and Nesheim, 1990)

Nursery period for the chicks

Hover/heater

31-32C (1st week)
Reduced by 2C per week
Maintained at 21-24C at the end of brooding

Ideal temperature:

22%
3100

Provide booster feeds immediately after arrival (__%CP & ___kcal/kg ME) for one week

Overcrowding

results of

o Stunted growth

o Poor flock uniformity

o Cannibalism

Precision Beak Trimming

Removal of the portion of the beak to prevent cannibalism

Cannibalism

o Toe, vent, head or tail picking, or feather pulling

Practiced only for breeders

and layers NOT for broilers

Rate of feathering

Slow feathering – longer brooding
Fast feathering – shorter brooding

Season of the year

Summer – shorter brooding
Rainy – longer brooding

Goal during preparation for lay

Acceleration of body weight

Attain sexual maturity with good body conformation

Goal during the maintenance phase

Control the growth (except for broiler)

Quantitative

Types of feed restriction:

(reduction in amount)

Qualitative

Types of feed restriction:
(feed dilution)

4.5 birds/m2

Floor space allowance

Light

Management During Growing

Photoperiod or daylength should be restricted during

this period

Should not exceed 12 hours

Stimulates the development of the reproductive system

of the fowl

Too early sexual maturity

Production of too small eggs

Short production cycle

High incidence of prolapse

Characteristics of healthy pullets

free from physical and genetic deformities

alert and active

has ideal bodyweight

well-developed comb and wattles

clean and tidy feathers

strong straight legs

has deep yellow pigmented beaks and shanks

Transition Phase (Growing to Laying)

Transfer pullets at least one month before laying (15-18

weeks)

Transfer birds at night or early morning

Transfer only healthy pullets

Management Practices

Growing: Pre-Lay Phase

Plan transport in advance and organize it well to ensure optimal comfort for the birds.

Monitor the body weight before and after transfer to

guarantee that the flock is developing correctly.

Closely monitor water consumption during the week after arrival at the laying house.

No vaccinations during transfer where possible.

Management Practices

Laying

After transfer

During the first two days:
-observing behavior

-monitoring water and feed consumption

At the same time the birds will identify with this

person.

Management Practices

Growing: Pre-Lay Phase

Pre-Lay Diet

Reinforce the mineralisation of medullary bone, layer calcium storage, before the beginning of the lay prevent demineralisation of early sexual mature birds

RESULT: Good eggshell quality during LAYING

Increasing calcium content of the diet

Calcium content of the diet is essential for the production of egg-

shell. If calcium in the diet is not enough, the birds will tend to

withdraw it from the medullary bones or the birds will lay soft-

shelled or shell-less eggs

Body weight

Photoperiod

Two main factors that stimulate the onset of

laying in the flock:

Water Requirement

Rule of Thumb: Water intake should be 1.5 to

2 higher than feed intake

25-26

A hen would ideally lay eggs every __-__ hours from 7am to 4pm.

Egg collection must be done 3-4 times a day especially during the peak season in order to maintain the quality of the eggs.

Egg Collection

If eggs stored in higher temperature, lower

humidity leads to rapid loss of weight and

impairs the quality of the egg

Large

Culling

Removal of unprofitable/unproductive birds from the

flock

• Sick Birds

• Non-laying

• Poor producers

Purchase of day-old chicks

Ready-to-lay-pullets

(RTLP)

Two starting points for layer production

Auto Sexing

Vent sexing

Feather sexing

Molting and Recycling

Periodic shedding and replacement of feathers

Involves reproductive quiescence, which is incomplete, hen tends to

lay eggs at a lower rate

Practice Sex Separate Feeding (SSF)

o Different nutrient requirement

o How to implement?

1. Install feeders of males higher

2. Use feeder for females with narrower grills

3. Insert plastic nose bar in males

All-in-all-out System

-Day-old broiler chicks are raised only in one particular batch or

age group at any given time.

Multiple-batch system

-Day-old broiler chicks are purchased in batches at weekly or bi-

weekly intervals and reared at the same time in the same farm.

28-35 days

Rearing period

14 days

Cleaning time

Gain in Weight

Feed Conversion ratio (FCR)

Mortality rate (depletion rate)

Tunnel-ventilated housing system

Conventional housing system