Organic Molecules

Isomers

Different compounds with the same molecular formula.

Functional Groups

Determine many of the properties of organic compounds.

Macromolecules (Polymers)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Monomers (Building blocks of macromolecules

Nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, and monosaccharides.

Carbohydrates

Used by living organisms as a source of energy

• small sugar molecules (glucose)

• polysaccharides (starch, glycogen)

Monosaccharides

Building block for carbohydrates

• consisting of single sugar molecules

Glucose

Important monosaccharide in living organisms

• the energy source of choice

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides bonded together

Three disaccharides

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

Maltose

Required for alcohol during fermentation

• Glucose + Glucose

Sucrose

Table sugar

• Glucose + Fructose

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

Polysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharide

• Function as short-term energy storage molecules

What are polysaccharides found in?

• Starch - plants

• Glycogen - animals

• Cellulose - Plant cell walls - cannot be digested

• Chitin - used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton

Lipids

Any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they do not interact appreciably with water.

Fatty acids

Monomer for lipids

• Saturated - single bond

• Unsaturated - at least one double bond

Phospholipids

• Found in cell membranes

• Form bilayers

  • Hydrophilic - oriented towards water

  • Hydrophobic - fatty acids, tails

Steroids

Lipid cholesterol

Cholesterol

found in your blood and all your body's cells. It's essential for building healthy cells, making hormones and vitamin D, aiding in digestion, and used in synthesis of sex hormones

Anabolic steroids

Synthetic variants of testosterone that can cause a buildup of muscle and bone mass.

• They can be sold as prescription drugs and used to treat certain diseases

• Also serious consequences, liver damage, cancer

Proteins

• Amino acids

  • enzymes

  • Hemoglobin

  • Antibodies, insulin, actin myosin

  • skin, muscles, hair

Amino Acids

Connected by peptide bonds

• Composed of:

  • An amino group

  • A carboxyl group

  • The R group (functional)

Primary structure - protein

Sequence of amino acids (no spatial arrangement)

Secondary structure

Folding or rolling in particular ways from the primary

• Heliz - spiral shape

• Pleated sheets

Tertiary Structure

Folded + twisted into a rounded, 3D shapes

Quaternary Structure

Proteins that consist of more than polypeptide

Denatured

When an enzyme loses 3 levels of structure

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

Composed monomers of nucleic acids

3 parts of nucleotides

sugar

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

Differences between DNA and RNA

RNA - Ribose, single strand, AUCG

DNA - Deoxyribose, double strand, ATCG

Complementary base pairing

DNA or RNA - GC, CG

DNA - AT, TA

RNA - AU, UA

Relationship between proteins and nucleic acids

• DNA contains instructions for the sequence of amino acids in proteins

• The order of amino acids in a protein determines shape + function of the protein

• Errors or faults in the DNA can change the function of the encoded protein