Social Psychology - the Social Self

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Sociometer theory Leary and Baumeister, 2000

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Need self esteem to gauge social connection and for connection and approval

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Terror management theory Greenberg et al 1997

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Self esteem is a buffer against thoughts of death, we hope to achieve symbolic immortality through meaning and value

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32 Terms

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Sociometer theory Leary and Baumeister, 2000

Need self esteem to gauge social connection and for connection and approval

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Terror management theory Greenberg et al 1997

Self esteem is a buffer against thoughts of death, we hope to achieve symbolic immortality through meaning and value

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Self awareness theory Carver 2003

our level of self awareness affects our feelings. Self focused attention causes discomfort if we don’t meet our internal standards and values. We can either change our behaviour or reduce self awareness

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Better than average effect Epley 2008

rate our own faces 10% more attractive, likelier to vote faces as attractive if they have been merged with us

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Self serving beliefs

self enhancing recollections and attributions

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Self handicapping

creating obstacles for our own poor performance

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Basking in reflected glory Cialdini et al 2008

share others’ successes

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Threats to self esteem: Contingencies of self worth Crocker 2003

other’s approval, appearance, competition, academic competence, family support, virtues, God’s love

external contingencies worst for self esteem

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Self esteem

feelings about oneself, self evaluation

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Self concept

beliefs about oneself, self schemes, ‘I am’ task

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Self perception theory Bem 1972

when we have weak internal cues, we can look at our behaviour to infer our attitudes

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Overjustification effect

When extrinsic rewards for intrinsically motivated behaviours undermine intrinsic motivation

Lepper et al 1973 markers

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Maintaining intrinsic motivation

verbal vs tangible rewards, individual differences

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Social comparison theory Festinger 1973

when we are uncertain, we evaluate ourselves against similar others

upward and downward comparisons

Midgley and McComb - negative effects of upward comparisons

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Influence of culture on self concept

Independent vs interdependent cultures

influences self concept, preferences, diaclecticism

Heine et al 1999

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Mitigating factors for self esteem

Self affirmation Steele, self transcendence Crocker, self compassion Neff and Leary

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Self affirmation theory Steele 1988

can cope with threats by affirming core values and strengths

Self affirmation manipulation causes increase in positive other directed feelings

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Self transcendence Crocker 2008

writing about important values takes the focus off self so people are less defensive

positive other directed feelings causes a reduction in defensive behaviour

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Self compassion Neff 2003

individual difference approach focusing on kindness and no judgement

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Self compassion Leary 2007

self compassion had better outcomes than self esteem or enhancement after aversive events

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Self presentation

how we present to others

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strategic self presentation

attempts to shape others’ perceptions and gain influence and power - self promotion and ingratiation

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self promotion

motivated by a desire to be seen as competent, highlighting positive attributes

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ingratiation

motivated by desire to be liked

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Peck and Levashina 2007

self promotion better in job interview, ingratiation better in job performance

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Van Epps 2024

dual promotion (combining self and other promotions) was the most effective, leading to increased self esteem, worth and competence

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Self verification

desire for others to see us as we see ourselves- difficult with high self esteem

Swann 1992: people with negative self concept choose to interact with more negative people

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Self monitoring Snyder 1987

people differ in how they regulate behaviour to meet social demands, high vs low self monitors

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