Sociometer theory Leary and Baumeister, 2000
Need self esteem to gauge social connection and for connection and approval
Terror management theory Greenberg et al 1997
Self esteem is a buffer against thoughts of death, we hope to achieve symbolic immortality through meaning and value
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Sociometer theory Leary and Baumeister, 2000
Need self esteem to gauge social connection and for connection and approval
Terror management theory Greenberg et al 1997
Self esteem is a buffer against thoughts of death, we hope to achieve symbolic immortality through meaning and value
Self awareness theory Carver 2003
our level of self awareness affects our feelings. Self focused attention causes discomfort if we don’t meet our internal standards and values. We can either change our behaviour or reduce self awareness
Better than average effect Epley 2008
rate our own faces 10% more attractive, likelier to vote faces as attractive if they have been merged with us
Self serving beliefs
self enhancing recollections and attributions
Self handicapping
creating obstacles for our own poor performance
Basking in reflected glory Cialdini et al 2008
share others’ successes
Threats to self esteem: Contingencies of self worth Crocker 2003
other’s approval, appearance, competition, academic competence, family support, virtues, God’s love
external contingencies worst for self esteem
Self esteem
feelings about oneself, self evaluation
Self concept
beliefs about oneself, self schemes, ‘I am’ task
Self perception theory Bem 1972
when we have weak internal cues, we can look at our behaviour to infer our attitudes
Overjustification effect
When extrinsic rewards for intrinsically motivated behaviours undermine intrinsic motivation
Lepper et al 1973 markers
Maintaining intrinsic motivation
verbal vs tangible rewards, individual differences
Social comparison theory Festinger 1973
when we are uncertain, we evaluate ourselves against similar others
upward and downward comparisons
Midgley and McComb - negative effects of upward comparisons
Influence of culture on self concept
Independent vs interdependent cultures
influences self concept, preferences, diaclecticism
Heine et al 1999
Mitigating factors for self esteem
Self affirmation Steele, self transcendence Crocker, self compassion Neff and Leary
Self affirmation theory Steele 1988
can cope with threats by affirming core values and strengths
Self affirmation manipulation causes increase in positive other directed feelings
Self transcendence Crocker 2008
writing about important values takes the focus off self so people are less defensive
positive other directed feelings causes a reduction in defensive behaviour
Self compassion Neff 2003
individual difference approach focusing on kindness and no judgement
Self compassion Leary 2007
self compassion had better outcomes than self esteem or enhancement after aversive events
Self presentation
how we present to others
strategic self presentation
attempts to shape others’ perceptions and gain influence and power - self promotion and ingratiation
self promotion
motivated by a desire to be seen as competent, highlighting positive attributes
ingratiation
motivated by desire to be liked
Peck and Levashina 2007
self promotion better in job interview, ingratiation better in job performance
Van Epps 2024
dual promotion (combining self and other promotions) was the most effective, leading to increased self esteem, worth and competence
Self verification
desire for others to see us as we see ourselves- difficult with high self esteem
Swann 1992: people with negative self concept choose to interact with more negative people
Self monitoring Snyder 1987
people differ in how they regulate behaviour to meet social demands, high vs low self monitors