Pathophysiology NR 283 Exam II Terms & Definitions latest updated version(PASSED)

When a person is injured, which substances contribute to the pain they experience? Select all that apply

Bradykinin

Histamine

Prostaglandin

Acute pain

Described as sharp

Originates anywhere in the body (somatic

or visceral); localized or generalized

Chronic pain

Example: persistent headaches

Described as aching, throbbing, or widespread

Originates anywhere in the body; generalized

and unable to state an exact location

Ischemic pain

• Originates anywhere in the body

• Duration: short term

Described as aching, burning, prickling, or

shooting, depending on the location of the

ischemia

Stimulus: existing condition; chemical

Which of the following could increase the risk of having a seizure or injury from a seizure? Select all that apply

1. Poor management of diabetes and insulin

2. If an aura is experienced, ignore it

Which of the following is a cause of an acute symptomatic seizure? Select all that apply.

1. Abnormally low sodium level

2. Acute traumatic head injury

3. Insulin overdose

4. Drug or alcohol withdrawal

What is the goal of perfusion?

Flood the tissues with high amounts of oxygen and nutrients.

Drag and drop the perfusion type to match the corresponding description.

Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. _______Volume of blood that flows from arteries to capillaries. _______

Central

Tissue

Targets vital organs

Central perfusion

Targets skin and local areas

Tissue perfusion

Targets the brain

Cerebral perfusion

Targets the heart

Myocardial perfusion

Infarction

area of dead tissue

Hypoxia

not enough oxygen to exchange

Hypoxemia

not enough oxygen in the blood

Necrosis

tissue death

Ischemia

poor perfusion to the tissue/organ

What are some risk factors associated with a case of poor perfusion due to an artery blockage?

Dyslipidemia(abnormally high or low amounts of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood)

Atherosclerotic heart disease

Hypertension

Prevention level for DASH diet

primary

Prevention level for Lipid screening

secondary

Prevention level for lipid lowering agents

tertiary

Prevention level for stent placement

tertiary

Prevention level for weight management

primary

Prevention level for physical

secondary

______________ is the __________ lipoprotein that is used to transport ____________ away from the peripheral cells to the liver for ____________.

High-density lipoprotein

Good

Cholesterol

Excretion

Which statement describes the cause of coronary artery disease?​

A buildup of plaque on the inside of a coronary artery leads to reduced heart circulation.

Which clinical manifestations are observable when an individual has coronary artery disease? Select all that apply.​

Shortness of breath while exercising

Palpitations​

Swelling in the lower extremities

Types of fat that travel through the bloodstream

lipids

A fatty substance produced by the liver that travels through the bloodstream

Cholesterol

Main type of lipids in the blood that provides energy to the body

Triglycerides

Occurs when the lipid concentrations in the bloodstream are higher than normal

Hyperlipidemia

Which findings are expected in an individual with hypoxia caused by altered perfusion? Select all that apply.​

Pain

Swelling

Difficulty

breathing​

Fatigue

Which pathophysiological conditions can lead to coronary artery disease? Select all that apply.

Diabetes

Hypertension

What test can confirm that someone has coronary artery disease?

Exercise stress test

Cardiac dysrhythmias affect perfusion by reducing the efficiency of the heart's pumping cycle. Which factors contribute to the reduction in efficiency? Select all that apply.

Preventing adequate filling during diastole with rapid heart rate

Very slow heart rate reducing output to tissue

Irregular contractions that interfere with normal filling

__________ is an electrolyte in the blood that triggers and sends electrical impulses to the _____________ An imbalance of ______________ can interfere with the heart's ability to signal and lead to ___________ heartbeats.​

Potassium

Heart

Calcium

Irregular

Which statement describes the cause of cardiac dysrhythmias?

A heart rhythm disturbance causes the heart to slow to the point where coronary circulation is not receiving enough oxygenated blood.​

Select the cardiac dysrhythmia risk factors.

Stress

Pollution

Coffee

Drugs

Which test can confirm that a person has cardiac dysrhythmias?

Holter monitor

Out of the different types of cardiac dysrhythmias, which type can lead to death if a normal heart rhythm is not restored within minutes?

Ventricular fibrillation

In which condition does the sinoatrial (SA) node activate less frequently than normal, leading to a slower heart rate and less blood being pumped to the rest of the body?

bradycardia

What procedure would a client diagnosed with atrial fibrillation have which creates heat scars to block abnormal electrical signals in the heart?

Catheter ablation​

Which blood components form together to cause thrombi? Select all that apply.​

Platlets Fibrin Red blood cells

Which conditions are caused by clot formation and blockage of a blood vessel? Select all that apply.

Deep vein thrombosis

Myocardial infarction

Cerebral vascular accident

Fibrinolysis is the process in which clots ______ in the body during the __________ of clotting.​

Dissolve

Healing

Drag and drop each blood clot condition to match the corresponding clinical manifestation.​ The following five

Deep vein thrombosis(DVT)

warmth and tenderness

Pulmonary embolism(PE)

shortness of breath

Hemorrhagic stroke

sudden confusion

heart attack

squeezing sensation

renal failure

ease of bruising

Place the steps in order to align with the process of clot formation (coagulation), starting from the first step.​

1st

The blood vessel wall is damaged, activating coagulation factors.

2nd

Platelets aggregate at the site of damage.

3rd

Platelets release fibrin.

4th

Fibrin creates a mesh that traps blood cells to create a clot (thrombus) that stops

bleeding.

5th

The fibrin shortens (retracts), sealing damaged tissue.

Treatment for acute symptomatic seizures

For acute symptomatic seizures, treatment is to address the underlvina cause. This

can include correction of sodium levels in hyponatremia, or correction of glucose levels

in hypoglycemia. Acute seizure management can include anti-seizure or benzodiazepine

medications given intravenously until the seizure stops. If a seizure continues for an

extended period. It is known as status eollepticus, and requires emergencv and intensive

care management.

Treatment for chronic epilepsy management

For chronic epilepsy management, triggers help to identify and avoid situations in

which seizures have a high risk of occurring. Other management includes anti-seizure

medications taken daily for years. In some cases, driving is restricted until the person

has been seizure tree on medication for a while (usually 1 year

Which factor reduces the risk of an individual having a myocardial infarction?​

Taking a low-dose aspirin​

Which option describes the cause of a myocardial infarction?

A clot lodged in the coronary circulation blocks the movement of blood beyond a specific point.

Performing a ____________ test can confirm that someone has had a heart attack.

troponin cardiac marker

Which diagnostic tests can determine heart health after an individual has been diagnosed with a myocardial infarction? Select all that apply.​

Troponin level​

Electrocardiogram​

C-reactive protein​

Place the steps of a myocardial infarction in order, from the first step to the last.

1. Unstable plaque develops in coronary artery

2. Clotting cascade activated

3. Platelet clumping, clot formation

4. Blood stops flowing past clot

5. Heart tissue beyond clot dies

6. Muscle associated with dead heart tissue stops working

Which of the following best describes tolerance?

The body is exposed to a substance so much that the substance has less effect on the body.

Long-term alcohol use disorder​ can lead to which of the following pathophysiologic conditions? Select all that apply.

Liver cirrhosis

Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome

opioids

These substances cause central nervous system (CNS) depression (primarily respiratory) along with euphoria at higher doses. These can be legal or illegal. Opioids can be used for medical reasons (treatment of pain). Types of prescription opioids include morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl. Opioids are also available in illegal form, the most common being heroin, or prescription drugs tha

depressants

These are common drugs that act to depress the central nervous system (CNS) and increase disinhibition (loss of control or behavior). They do not affect vital signs significantly except at high doses, but they do alter consciousness. While there are some medical uses for CNS depressants (treatment of panic and anxiety disorders), many of these tend to be used recreationally. The most common depressant is alcohol. Others include benzodiazepines and tranquilizers.

Wernicke-Korsakoff, a neurological syndrome from chronic alcohol use disorder, is caused when alcohol reduces absorption of which of the following? Select all that apply.

Thiamine

Folic acid

Which of the following conditions can be caused by using a shared needle to inject a substance? Select all that apply.

Endocarditis

Hepatitis C

HIV

Which treatment options are available to reduce illness associated with substance use disorder? Select all that apply.​

Encourage them to take naloxone as prescribed

Discuss strategies for alternate transportation in the event they are using substances

Encourage the use of multivitamins

Instruct them on the advantages of finding a needle exchange program

Match the substance to the possible pathophysiologic result.

Myocardial infarction -- Stimulants

Hepatitis C -- Intravenous (IV) drug use

Physical dependence

When a substance is no longer used, the body experiences symptoms of not having that substance.

Tolerance

Physiological change that occurs when the body is exposed to an abused substance over an extended period of time.

Which factors contribute to the pathogenesis of substance use disorder? Select all that apply.

Cultural norms towards a substance

A substance that causes a euphoric feeling

Age when first using a substance

Access to the substance

Which government agency offers extensive information on substance use disorders, including referrals for treatment?

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminstration (SAMSHA)

Which of the following are common neurotransmitters used in sending sensory information to the brain? Select all that apply.

Serotonin

Gamma-aminobutyric acid​

Endorphins

Glutamate

What is the destination of a sensory nerve impulse?​

Thalamus

Glutamate and aspartate

involved with pain, memory, and learning​

Serotonin

involved in mood, emotions, and sleep​

Acetylcholine

common autonomic nervous system neurotransmitter​

Norepinephrine

stimulates the sympathetic system​

Endorphins and enkephalins:

responsible for reducing pain or stress​

Histamine

involved in regulation of body temperature and water balance

Receptors

Receptors are where these neurotransmitters relay information to other neurotransmitters or to activate certain actions. Receptors may only accept one type of transmitter.​

autonomic nervous system

The main pathway that all nerves run through is the autonomic nervous system. This system is divided into two areas, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. These are known as the "Fight or Flight" systems. Depending on which area is activated, the system sends out impulses to prepare the body for battle, or to prepare the body to run.​

Abnormal Excitation of Sensory Perception

-fibromyalgia

-photophobia

-phonophobia

Abnormal Inhibition of Sensory Perception

Neuropathy, Sensorineural hearing loss, Retinitis, Spinal cord injury, movement are also involved).​

Anosmia and/or ageusia

Fibromyalgia

Over-stimulation of pain, pressure, and temperature receptors causing significant discomfort.

Photophobia

Over-stimulation of the retinal nerve causing discomfort due to too much information being presented.

Phonophobia

Over-stimulation of the auditory nerve causing discomfort due to too much information being presented.

Neuropathy

Damage to a peripheral nerve causing inhibition of peripheral pain, pressure, and temperature receptors causing paresthesia. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease (peripheral), or surgery can be a common cause of this.​

Sensorineural hearing loss

Damage to an auditory nerve causing the inhibition of the translation and transfer of sound waves to the brain.​

Retinitis: Visual loss due to retinal inflammation causing inhibition of the translation and transfer of light to the brain. Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) can also cause reduced vision.​

Retinitis

Visual loss due to retinal inflammation causing inhibition of the translation and transfer of light to the brain. Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) can also cause reduced vision.​

Spinal cord injury

Damage to the nerve trunk causing loss of sensation, pressure, or temperature below the level of injury (motor nerves preventing movement are also involved).​

Anosmia and/or ageusia:

Loss of smell and/or taste caused by nerve inflammation or damage of nerves involved with those senses.

See if you can match the following conditions with the related sensory perception loss.(Following 3 cards)

While a cerebral vascular accident is caused by a lack of perfusion to an area of the brain,

the loss of sensory perception is caused by neural cell death preventing neurotransmitters from sending or receiving information.

While poor glucose metabolism is the cause of type II diabetes,

the peripheral neuropathy that causes loss of sensory perception in the feet is caused by the damage excess glucose does to nerve cells.

While the surgical incision may have been caused by altered tissue integrity,

loss of sensory perception through numbness of the surrounding skin was caused by destruction of the superficial nerves from the cut.