Key Conventions

AS English

Audience Address

The way a text speaks directly to its intended readers or listeners, often using pronouns like “you” or rhetorical questions to engage.

Register

The level of formality or informality in a text, shaped by context, audience, and purpose.

Tone

The writer’s attitude toward the subject or audience, conveyed through word choice and style.

Mode

The form of communication, such as spoken, written, or mixed

Genre Conventions

Typical features associated with a particular genre, like headings in articles or dialogue in narratives.

Structure

The organization of a text, including paragraphing, sequencing, and use of openings and conclusions.

Discourse Markers

Words or phrases that guide the flow of ideas (e.g. “however,” “so,” “on the other hand”).

Lexis

The choice of vocabulary, including formal/informal words, jargon, or emotive language.

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well

Graphology

The visual aspects of a text, such as layout, font, and use of images or bullet points.

Pragmatics

The implied meanings and assumptions in communication, often shaped by shared knowledge or context.

Prosodic Features

Sound qualities in spoken language, like intonation, stress, and rhythm.

Fillers

Words or sounds used to fill pauses in speech (e.g. “um,” “like,” “you know”).

Ellipsis

The omission of words for brevity or effect, often seen in informal speech or writing.

Hedging

Language used to soften statements or show uncertainty (e.g. “perhaps,” “it seems”).

Intertextuality

References to other texts within a piece, creating connections or contrasts.

Code

Switching

Taboo Language

Words considered inappropriate or offensive, often used for shock or emphasis.

Idiolect

An individual’s unique way of speaking, shaped by personal experience and background.

Sociolect

Language style associated with a particular social group.

Dialect

Regional variations in language, including vocabulary and pronunciation.

Colloquialisms

Informal expressions used in everyday speech.

Slang

Very informal language, often used by specific groups and changing rapidly.

Jargon

Specialized vocabulary used by professionals or groups, often inaccessible to outsiders.

Figurative Language

Non