Pharmacology 2 (Lecture) - Cardiovascular System and Blood Pressure

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering cardiovascular pharmacology, receptor mechanisms, hemodynamics, and hypertension based on the course outline and lecture notes.

CO1

A course outcome to describe principles of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics for drugs acting on central, autonomic, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems.

Systemic circulatory system

The main blood circulatory system that transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body.

Pulmonary circulatory system

The circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and lungs, facilitating oxygen entry and carbon dioxide removal.

Tricuspid Valve

The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle path.

Mitral Valve

The valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle path.

$$S_1$$

Normal heart sound originating from the closing of the atrioventricular valves; high-pitched, heard with a diaphragm.

$$S_2$$

Normal heart sound originating from the closing of the semilunar valves; high-pitched, heard with a diaphragm.

$$S_3$$

Heart sound potentially indicating fluid overload or failure; low-pitched, heard with a bell.

$$S_4$$

Abnormal heart sound indicating ventricle resistance; low-pitched, heard with a bell.

Murmurs

Low-pitched sounds that may indicate a wall defect or valve problem, heard with a bell.

Cardiac Output ($CO$)

The volume of blood ejected per minute, calculated as $SV \times HR$.

Stroke Volume ($SV$)

The volume of blood ejected in each heartbeat.

Peripheral Resistance ($PR$)

Also known as Systemic Vascular Resistance ($SVR$); the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood to the body.

Blood Pressure formula

$BP = Cardiac Output \times Peripheral Resistance$ ($CO \times PR$).

Troponin

The protein that binds calcium to move tropomyosin, allowing muscle contraction in the heart.

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel

Also called ionotropic; an ion channel that opens/closes in milliseconds when a ligand binds (e.g., Nicotinic ACh).

G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Receptors that activate G proteins (Gs, Gi, Gq) and second messengers, responding within seconds (e.g., $\alpha$ and $\beta$ receptors).

Enzyme-Linked Receptor

A receptor with intrinsic enzyme activity, such as tyrosine kinase, responding in minutes to hours (e.g., Insulin receptor).

Intracellular Receptor

Receptors located in the nucleus or cytoplasm where the ligand enters the cell to alter gene transcription; responds in hours to days.

$G_s$ (G stimulatory)

A G protein subtype that increases $cAMP$ (e.g., $\beta_1$, $\beta_2$, $\beta_3$, $D_1$, $H_2$, $V_2$).

$G_i$ (G inhibitory)

A G protein subtype that decreases $cAMP$ (e.g., $\alpha_2$, $M_2$, $D_2$).

$$G_q$$

A G protein subtype that activates phospholipase C ($PLC$), increasing $IP_3$, $DAG$, and $Ca^{2+}$ (e.g., $\alpha_1$, $M_1$, $M_3$, $H_1$, $V_1$).

$$IP_3$$

A second messenger in the cytoplasm that opens $Ca^{2+}$ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

$$DAG$$

A second messenger in the cell membrane that activates Protein Kinase C ($PKC$).

$\beta_1$ Receptor

The dominant sympathetic receptor in the heart that increases heart rate (positive chronotropy) and force (positive inotropy).

$M_2$ Receptor

The dominant parasympathetic receptor in the heart that decreases heart rate and atrial contractility.

Dobutamine

A $\beta_1$ agonist used to increase heart rate and contractility.

Metoprolol

A $\beta_1$ blocker used to decrease heart rate and contractility.

Atropine

An $M_2$ antagonist that increases heart rate by blocking vagal effects.

Low-dose Dopamine

Dosage of $1\text{--}3\,mcg/kg/min$ that primarily acts on $D_1$ receptors for renal and mesenteric vasodilation.

Moderate-dose Dopamine

Dosage of $3\text{--}10\,mcg/kg/min$ that primarily acts on $\beta_1$ receptors to increase cardiac output.

High-dose Dopamine

Dosage of $>10\,mcg/kg/min$ that primarily acts on $\alpha_1$ receptors for vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

Phenylephrine

An $\alpha_1$ agonist that causes strong arterial and venous constriction.

Nitroglycerin

A drug that primarily causes marked venodilation and mild arterial dilation.

Renin

Enzyme released from the kidney in response to low blood pressure that acts on angiotensinogen.

Angiotensin II

A powerful vasoconstrictor formed by ACE that stimulates aldosterone and vasopressin secretion.

Aldosterone

A hormone from the adrenal gland that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb salt ($NaCl$) and water ($H_2O$).

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Hormone that reduces blood volume and blood pressure by increasing sodium and water excretion.

Preload

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

Stage 1 Hypertension

A blood pressure category with systolic $130\text{--}139\,mm\,Hg$ or diastolic $80\text{--}89\,mm\,Hg$.

Hypertensive crisis

Clinical urgency with systolic above $180\,mm\,Hg$ and/or diastolic above $120\,mm\,Hg$.