Academic Team Science Laws

law of mass action

this law states that reaction rate is proportional to the product of the reactant concentrations

beer lamberts law

this law states that the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to its ability to absorb specific light wavelengths

bergmanns rule

this ecological trend says that body size is larger in colder climates (near poles) to conserve body temperature

dulong petit law

this empirical law states that the molar heat capacity of solids is 3 times ideal gas constant. it doesnt work at very low temperatures.

ehrenfests theorem

this law states that the expectation values of displacement and momentum obey time evolution equations

gibbs duhem equation

this equation is used to determine the partial molar volume of one part of a binary mixture from measurements of the partial molar volume of the second part

vant hoff equation

this equation is used to estimate the new value for an equilibrium constant when there is a change in temperature

law of definite proportions

a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. AKA PROUSTS LAW

combined gas law

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2, relates pressure (atm), volume (L), and temperature (K) to each other after a change.

torricellis law

this law is derived from bernoulli's principle and relates the velocity of an ideal liquid to the height of the fluid above the opening

hess law

this law says enthalpy change of reaction = sum of all enthalpy changes for each step of the reaction. AKA law of constant heat summation

first law of thermodynamics

this law states that change in internal energy = added heat - work done. conserves energy. U=Q+-V

second law of thermodynamics

energy flows from hot to cold objects unless energy is used. (work done). entropy only increases.

third law of thermodynamics

entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero. absolute zero is unreachable.

zeroth law of thermodynamics

If two thermodynamic systems are each in equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other. (if A=C and B=C then A=B=C)

coulombs law

this law states that electric force between charged objects depends on the distance between the objects and the magnitude of the charges.

gauss law

this law states that the total electric flux summed over any closed surface = net charge enclosed by the surface divided by permittivity of free space.

rayleigh jeans law

this law dealing with blackbodies has inconsistencies that suggest a UV catastrophe (perfect blackbodies emit infinite energy)

keplers first law

this law states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus

keplers second law

this law states that as a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times

keplers third law

this law states that distant planets orbit the sun at slower average speeds. AKA law of harmonics.

lenz law

this law says that induced magnetic current flows in the opposite direction of the original current (flux change)

raoults law

this law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present

henrys law

this law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid

sieverts law

This law states that the solubility of a gas in a metal is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the metal

pascals law

this law states that pressure exerted by a confined fluid acts equally in all directions.

stokes law

this law states that when any object rises or falls through a fluid it will experience a viscous drag

fouriers law

AKA law of heat conduction, this law state that heat transfers from hot to cold matter to reach equilibrium.

laplaces law

this law states that the larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension needed to withstand any fluid pressure

wiens law

this law states that hotter objects emit photons with a shorter wavelength. applies to blackbodies

stefan boltzmann law

this law states that an object emits energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of its temperature, in Kelvin.

bernoulli principle

this law states that as the speed of a fluid/gas increases, its pressure decreases.

daltons law

this law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases = the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

poiseuilles law

this law calculates the rate of flow of a fluid through a confined vessel (laminar flow)

grahams law

this law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to its molar mass's square root

boyles law

this law inversely relates pressure and volume of gas

charles law

this law directly relates volume and temperature of gas

gay lussacs law

this law directly relates pressure and temperature of gas. AKA amontons law

avogadros law

this law directly relates moles of gas with volume

vant hoffs law

this law states that osmotic potential is negative and proportional to the concentration of solute particles

darcys law

this law states that groundwater discharge depends on the hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, and cross-sectional area of an aquifer.

law of segregation

this mendelian law states that homologous chromosomes separate allele pairs in meiosis.

law of independent assortment

this mendelian law states that alleles of 2+ genes get sorted into gametes individually without the influence of another allele. has to do with punnet squares and f1, f2

le chateliers principle

this law states that when stress is applied in dynamic equilibrium, the system adjusts in the direction with less moles to relieve it.

law of universal gravitation

this law states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. G = 6.67*10^-11

biot savart law

this physical law describes the equation of the magnetic field generated by an electric current. equivalent of coulombs law but for magnetic fields instead of electric currents

amperes law

this law describes how a changing electric current corresponds to an induced magnetic field

faradays law

this law describes how a changing magnetic field corresponds to an induced current

pascals principle

this law explains how pressure moves through an enclosed static fluid without losing force. ex. Heimlich maneuver.

kirchoffs law of radiation

this law states that the ratio of emissive power to the coefficient of absorption is constant for all substances at a given temperature and = emissive power of perfect blackbody at that temperature

tennis racket theorem

this law states that rigidbodies with 3 moments of inertia have unstable rotations about the intermediate axis

snells law

this law states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.

huygens principle

this law states that every point on any wave front can be regarded as a new point source of secondary waves.

braggs law

this law states that when xrays are incident on a crystal surface, its angle of incidence will reflect back with the same angle

dobereiners law of triads

the mean of the atomic masses of the 1st and 3rd elements in a triad equals the atomic mass of the 2nd element in the triad.

kirchoffs loop rule

this rule states that the voltage gains/drops in a circuit loop are equal

kirchoffs junction rule

this rule states that the currents coming in and out of a junction are equal

rule of 70

this rule is used to find the time it takes to double a variable by dividing the namesake number by the growth rate.

gauss law of magnetism

this law states that the magnetic flux across a closed surface is 0. this means that magnetic monopoles cant exist.

ficks law

this law states that the diffusion of a gas across a membrane is proportional to the diffusion gradient and area, and inversely proportional to the diffusion distance

allens rule

this ecological trend says that animal appendages are longer in warmer areas (near the equator)

glogers rule

this ecological trend says that animal coloration gets darker in warmer more humid areas (near the equator)

gauses principle

this ecological rule says that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time

right hand rule

in this RIGHT HAND mnemonic, make perpendicular axes with thumb, pointer, and middle fingers. orient middle finger in direction of magnetic field. orient pointer finger in direction of positive particle. thumb will point in new direction of particle. negative particles will move in opposite direction of thumb.

OR

for electric currents, make 'thumbs up' and orient thumb in direction of current. finger coils point in direction of induced magnetic field.

einstein velocity addition

this rule states that the relative velocity of any two objects never exceeds the velocity of light

mitserlich law

this law predicts which chemical compounds have the same crystal structures

fermats principle

this law states that light follows the path of least time

kopp neumann law

chemically-similar bodies of analogous atomic constitution have approximately the same atomic heat

the big slurp

this theory says that the universe exists in a false vacuum and that it could become a true vacuum at any moment

lamm equation

this equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells.

haldanes rule

If in the offspring of two different animal species one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterogametic (XY) sex

michaelis menten equation

this model of enzyme kinetics proposes a steady state equilibrium between enzyme-substrate complex and products

thevenins theorem

this theorem says that any network of voltage or current sources and resistors can be reduced to a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.

poyntings rule

this law states that the rate of energy transfer per unit volume from a region of space equals the rate of work done plus divergence

boltzmann equation

this equation describes the statistical behavior of a fluid not in thermodynamic equilibrium

newtons law of cooling

this law states that the rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.

kirchoffs principle

this law states that current in a circuit will seek out the path of least resistance.

babinets principle

this law states that the diffraction pattern from an opaque body is identical to one from a hole of the same size and shape except for the overall forward beam intensity

renschs rule

this ecological trend says that sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger and decreases with size when females are larger

moselys law

this law states that the square root of the X-ray frequency emitted by an element is directly proportional to its atomic number.

law of octaves

this law states that the same properties appear every eighth element when the elements are listed in order of their atomic masses

markovnikov rule

the hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon atom with the MOST number of hydrogen substituents

antimarkovnikov rule

the hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon atom with the LEAST number of hydrogen substituents

hammonds postulate

this law states that a transition state in a chemical reaction resembles the structure of the nearest stable species (reactant, intermediate or product)

zeitsev rule

in elimination reactions where an alkene is formed from the removal of a halide and a hydrogen from an alkane, the reaction prefers a more highly substituted alkene

huckels rule

this law states that if a cyclic, planar molecule has 4n+2 pi electrons, it is considered aromatic

madelung rule

this rule determines the order electrons fill sublevels based on energy levels. aufbau principle was based off of this rule. differs from Aufbau Principle by considering sublevel energies. =n+l

slaters rules

set of rules used to determine the effective nuclear charge (positive charge experienced by electron) experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.