AP Euro chapter 25

After the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary was intent on harming Serbia but needed to make sure it had the backing of an important ally ____

Gemany

Define the blank check

The assurance that Austria-Hungary could rely on Germany for full support even if matters went to the length of war between Austria-Hungary and Russia

Austria- hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23rd 1914 what was Serbia's response

Rejected some of them to preserve sovereignty which led ostriches declare war on them July 28th

Who was willing to support Serbia in the war

Russia

On what specific day did Austria declare war on Serbia

july 28 1914

Why did Germany declare war on Russia on August 1st 1914

Russians ignore ultimatum to halt mobilization of Russian army within 12 hours

Why did Germany declare war on France on August 3rd 1914

They formed a military alliance with Russia under Schlieffen plan. Germany could not mobilize troops solely against Russia and therefore declared war against France

Why did Great Britain declare war on Germany on August 4 1914

Officially - over violation of Belgium neutrality

actually because of Britains desire for power

the Schlieffen plan

Call for minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German Army would make a rapid invasion of West in France through neutral Belgium

what was the Schlieffen plan designed to avoid?

Russian invasion from East

why did the Schlieffen plan fail

Germany could not mobilize its troop solely against Russia

stalemate

Draw. nobody could do anything

How was fighting along the east front different than in the West

Compared to fighting in the west the finding in the East had much more mobility

Which nation had been a part of the Triple Alliance then switched sides joining the Allies by May 1915

italy

How successful was Russia in that fight on the Eastern front

They were almost knocked out of the war

Why do historians refer to the period from 1916 to 1917 as the great Slaughter

ADD ANSWER

no mans land

The patches of ground between the trenches

In what way did British officer T.E. Lawrence hope widen the war

he got the Middle East involved in the war

Was the Gallipoli campaign successful were they able to resupply their Ally Russia

caused to withdraw

Why did colonial people's agree to help the European masters fight in this war

They were promised Independence when the war was done

What caused the US to join the war in April 1917

naval conflicts with Germany

what new weapons were used in WWI?

tanks and airplanes

European governments became very powerful as they began to enact Total War policies out of a desperate need for victory. All governments engaged in Total War increased their power to keep the fight going. economic, social, and legal controls will increase during this time in order to win the war. Define TOTAL WAR

affected lives of all citizens. Everyone involved

Give two specific examples of ways that European governments became more powerful during this Total War

• Government's experimented with price wage and rent controls and rationing of food

• compulsory employment

Despite strict governmental controls over the economy food scarcity was a major problem for Germany. What was the estimated number of German civilians who died from Hunger during the war?

750,000

In what ways did the nations of Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy struggle with mobilizing for Total War?

they all had backward economies that couldn’t produce materials needed for war

• Russia could only arm ¼ of their men

what did Irish radicals want

they wanted Irish home rule back

WWI tremendously impacted the lives of Europeans. List ways that the following groups were impacted by total war policies

• unions: Trade unions accepted and allowed in government to Hope labor matters

• women: Able to get more and better jobs because men were at war

Who benefited from the war

owners of large industries manufacturing weapons

who was hit particularly hard by wartime inflation?

• social classes

  • middle class

  • unskilled workers

• small firms

problems in Russia that were intensified by war

• nicolas ii relied on army/bureaucracy to uphold regime

• Industry struggled to keep up = lack of weapons

• Nicolas ii took charge of the army

• Government underprepared for war

• Patriot enthusiasm = people not trusted

• peasant discontent = bad conditions

• Nicolas ii revoked political concessions made during revolution of 1905

who was Rasputin and why did he have such a hold over the Tsaria

Siberian peasant. tzarina regarded him as a holy figure because he was the only one who could stop the bleeding of her hemophiliac son

Working class women started the March Revolution (1917). What were these Russian women angry about?

the rationing of bread

who joined the women in their revolt?

Nicolas ii’s soldiers

quickly the tsar was forced to abdicate and a provisional government was established on March 15, 1917. What was the BIG MISTAKE this provisional government made?

they continued to fight in WWI

soviets

councils of workers and soldiers deputies

mensheviks

Goal: socilaist state

Bolsheviks

Goal: violent revolution and to destroy capitalism

Which nation helped Lenin sneak back into Russia

Finland

Arriving April 1917, Lenin gave his “April Theses” speech. in it he explained that Russia was ready for revolution NOW! Which people did Lenin want to use to accomplish his Revolution

soviets of soldiers, workers and peasants

Lenin also understood the anger and misery of the Russian people promising them peace land and ____

bread

On November 6th 1917 Lenin's Revolution began

Pro-soviet and pro-bolshevik forces took control of petrograd as the provision of government quickly collapsed with little bloodshed

What specific actions did Lenin take to help the people

• Declared land nationalized and turned it over to local rural land committees

• Turned over control of factories to Committees of workers

In what ways did women benefit from communist rule

• Programs for women's rights and social welfare reforms

• healthcare for women and children '

• marriage civil act

• legal divorce

• equally of men and women

• permitted abortions

• women’s bureau - zhenotdel

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended Russia’s involvement in WWI. What did Russia have to give up to the Germans in this treaty

Eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic Providences

what types of people opposed the Bolshevik government?

• groups loyal to the tsar

• bourgeois

• aristocratic liberals

• anti-leninist socialists (mensheviks and social revolutionaries)

what happened to the tsar family? why would the Bolsheviks take such action?

murdered and burned in nearby mineshaft. most likely did this so he could not come back into power.

war communism

Used to ensure a regular supplies for Red Army. includes nationalization of Banks and most Industries, forced grain from peasants, centralization of State Administration

what was the cheka

red secret police

what was the “Red Terror”

Destruction of all opponents of the new regime

Why would Britain America French and Japanese troops get involved in the Civil War?

Keep Russia at war. assisted anti-bolshevik’s. enabled communist government to appeal to patriotic Russians to fight attempts of foreigners to control their country

who won this civil war?

reds

what dd Russia’s withdrawal from WWI allow Germany to do?

a grand offensive in the west to break the military stalemate

The Germans were almost successful at the Second Battle of Marne. but one nation more than any other help to the Allies stopped this German attack and then launched a successful counter attack

britain

On November 9 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated and a new government under Frederick Albert set up - called the Weimar Republic. When did this new government sign in the armistice (end to fighting)

November 11, 1918

death toll of soldiers on the battefield

8 to 9 million

number of soldiers wounded

22 million

why were the armenians systematically killed by the ottoman Turks?

• faith - jewish

• seen as disloyal due to war

• jealousy - ottomans wanted their land

The communists completed for power with the more moderate social democratic party led by Ebert. How was Ebert able to crush the communists in both Berlin and Munich?

traditional army

The austro-hungarian Empire had disintegrated by the end of the war what nations were created out of the old Empire?

Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

SELF DETERMINATION

the “big four” made the decisions at the peace conference. what 4 nations were included

• italy

• us: wilson

• Britian: Lloyd george

• france: clemenceau

GERMANY WAS NOT INVITED TO ATTEND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

Russia could also ot attend because of civil war but wasn’t wanted at the conference anyway

The final settlement involved five separate treaties with the defeated Nations Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. What were the specific terms of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany

• How to reduce Army to 100,000 cut back Navy and eliminate Air Force

• Land taken away

• Had to pay for all the damages they caused

• blamed for starting the war

What do Germans think of the Treaty of Versailles

Outraged by the dictated peace. the new German government vowed to resist rather than accept the treaty but had no other real alternative than to accept

What new nations were created in Eastern Europe at the end of the war

Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, czechoslovakia, austria and Hungary

Were the Allied successfully able to create Nations based on ethnicity (self-determination)

The mixtures of peoples in Eastern Europe made it impossible to draw boundaries along the neat ethnic lines

What is a mandate

a system established after WWI where a nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League of Nations

Did Britain live up to its Promises of Independence for the Arab nationalists

nope.

The League of Nations was created by the United States Congress refused to join. why was this problematic?

It led Britain to also withdraw, which then left France all alone to face his old enemy, leading the embittered nation to take strong actions against Germany, which only intensified German resentment