Bio 150 genetic variation (idvividuals)

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153 Terms

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Locus
Specific physical location on a chromosome where a gene is located
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Gene
Segment of DNA that contains instructions for making proteins or functional RNA modules
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Allele
Different versions or variants of a gene that can result in different traits
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Mutation
Change in the DNA sequence of a gene that can create new alleles or alter the function of existing alleles
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Protein
Large molecule made of amino acids that plays various roles in cell structure and function
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Haploid
Cell or organism with one complete set of chromosomes
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Diploid
Cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes
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Chromatin
Complex of DNA and protein found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that packages DNA into a more compact structure
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Chromosome

Thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information

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Base sequence
Specific order of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) along a DNA molecule
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Gene expression
Process by which the information in a gene is used to synthesize a functional product, usually a protein or RNA module
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Regulation
Mechanisms that control when and how genes are turned on or off
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Genotype
All the information stored in an organism's cells
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Phenotype
Physical characteristics or traits of an organism
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Nonsense mutation
Mutation that changes a specific allele into a stop codon, potentially altering the physical aspects of an organism
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Missense mutation
Mutation that changes a specific allele into a different amino acid, potentially altering a physical aspect
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Deletion
Chromosomal rearrangement where a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost
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Duplication
Chromosomal rearrangement where a piece of a chromosome flips and reattaches, resulting in an extra copy
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Translocation
Chromosomal rearrangement where a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
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Inversion
Chromosomal rearrangement where a piece of a chromosome breaks off, flips, and reattaches in the opposite orientation
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Recombinant genotype
Genotype resulting from chromosomal segregation during meiosis, leading to new combinations of chromosomes
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Ploidy
Number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or organism
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Alternative splicing
Process of splicing different combinations of exons together to create multiple mature mRNA molecules from one gene
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DNA replication occurs

nucleus of a cell

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DNA to RNA transcription

During transcription, one strand of a DNA double helix serves as a template for assembling a single, complementary strand of RNA (a transcript)

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RNA to protein also known as ________

takes place in cytoplasm, mrna template used to build proteins from amino acids

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semi-conservative synthesis

Works like a template, original strand gets replicated

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Replication starts with the __________ of the double helix and __________ of new __________ strands on each of the separate DNA strands

unwinding, synthesis ,DNA

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In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the

nucleus

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In eukaryotes, translation occurs

outside the nucleus

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introns and exons

Introns are removed from the mRNA sequence, while exons remain

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mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

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Ribosome

Makes proteins

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Proteins

amino acids

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genetic code

The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.

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Different cells transcribe different parts of the DNA also known as

differential gene expression

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RNA and _____ differ between cells, but the _______ in each cell is the same

proteins , DNA

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Complexity of organisms is a function of number of ______ and differential gene _______ and __________ splicing

genes, expression, alternative

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Phenotype

physical traits that are a product of the proteins produced

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Differences in _________ may cause differences in __________

genotype, phenotype

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Fitness

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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Mutation creates ______

variation

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Mutations in DNA cause

Disorders, cancer, sometimes evolution

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true or false: all the mutations that occur in your body's cells are passed on to your offspring

False

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somatic cells

make up most of your body tissues and organs/ function

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somatic cells are divided by

mitosis

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germ cells

reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

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Mutations that occur in germ cells are passed on too_______

offspring

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Mitosis occurs in

somatic cells (body cells)

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Meiosis occurs in

germ cells aka sex cells

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Mitosis chromosomes line up

single file

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Meiosis chromosomes line up

double file

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Mitosis Daughter Cells are....

identical

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Meiosis daughter cells are

genetically different (due to crossing over)

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asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

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Examples of asexual reproduction

bacteria, protists

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single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

One base-pair variation in the genome sequence

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Null model of evolution

no change in gene pool across generations

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Evolution

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

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Allele

An alternative form of a gene.

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

population large, random mating, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection

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Microevolution

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

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macroevolution

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time

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Heterozygotes often have greater _______ in variable environments

fitness

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frequency of heterozygous genotype is ________ with each generation of inbreeding

reduced

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How are new species formed?

when populations diverge enough to exhibit species level differences

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Ploidy

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

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Taxon

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

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typological thinking

based on the idea that species are unchanging types and that variations within species are unimportant or even misleading

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plato

typological thinking

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Aristotle

typological thinking + scale of nature

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Scale of Nature

fixed species on a continuum from simple to complex

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Lamarck

change through time and scale of nature

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Darwin and Wallace

Individuals in a population are different; species arise through the process of natural selection

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Evolution by natural selection

can be tested experimentally and observationally

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Darwin's observations

variation within population, variation passed to offspring, survival and reproduction are not random, organisms reproduce more than can survive

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Homologies

Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor.

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Homoplasy

convergent, or parallel, evolution, as when two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment

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Speciation

the evolution of new species

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Natural selection components are variation within_________, some of the variation is __________, the variation affects ______________

populations, heritable, fitness

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directional selection

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

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stabalizing selection

natural selection that favors average individuals in a population; results in a decline in population variation

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disruptive selection

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

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not only survival of the fittest but ___________ of the fittest

reproduction

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Adaptation

traits good for the current environment

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when humans apply the principles of natural selection, we select for ___________ traits and shape of the populations over time, changes are _________ because we apply __________ pressure

particular, fast, high selection

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changes in allele frequency

-gene flow

-natural/sexual selection

-mutation

-genetic drift

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When has evolution occurred?

If the gene pool changes or if a new allele is introduce by a mutation

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genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. RANDOM

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bottleneck effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

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non-random mating

mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby

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non-random mating leads to no __________ frequency changes, but ___________ of heterozygotes

Allele, loss

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Emigration

movement of individuals out of a population

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Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

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Individuals do not evolve, _______________ do.

populations

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Evolution is not for the ________ of a species

good

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Evolution is a response to the current environment and does not anticipate the _______

future

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Mutations are ________, natural selection is ________

random, not

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Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

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Genes determine what?

character or traits are displayed