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Chromosome
Thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information
nucleus of a cell
DNA to RNA transcription
During transcription, one strand of a DNA double helix serves as a template for assembling a single, complementary strand of RNA (a transcript)
takes place in cytoplasm, mrna template used to build proteins from amino acids
Works like a template, original strand gets replicated
unwinding, synthesis ,DNA
nucleus
outside the nucleus
Introns are removed from the mRNA sequence, while exons remain
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Makes proteins
amino acids
The nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
differential gene expression
proteins , DNA
genes, expression, alternative
physical traits that are a product of the proteins produced
genotype, phenotype
how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
variation
Disorders, cancer, sometimes evolution
False
make up most of your body tissues and organs/ function
mitosis
reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
offspring
somatic cells (body cells)
germ cells aka sex cells
single file
double file
identical
genetically different (due to crossing over)
Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
bacteria, protists
One base-pair variation in the genome sequence
no change in gene pool across generations
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
An alternative form of a gene.
population large, random mating, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
macroevolution
large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
fitness
reduced
when populations diverge enough to exhibit species level differences
number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
group or level of organization into which organisms are classified
based on the idea that species are unchanging types and that variations within species are unimportant or even misleading
typological thinking
typological thinking + scale of nature
fixed species on a continuum from simple to complex
change through time and scale of nature
Individuals in a population are different; species arise through the process of natural selection
can be tested experimentally and observationally
variation within population, variation passed to offspring, survival and reproduction are not random, organisms reproduce more than can survive
Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor.
convergent, or parallel, evolution, as when two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment
the evolution of new species
populations, heritable, fitness
Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
natural selection that favors average individuals in a population; results in a decline in population variation
form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
reproduction
traits good for the current environment
particular, fast, high selection
-gene flow
-natural/sexual selection
-mutation
-genetic drift
If the gene pool changes or if a new allele is introduce by a mutation
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. RANDOM
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
mating between individuals of the same phenotype or by those who live nearby
Allele, loss
movement of individuals out of a population
Movement of individuals into a population
populations
good
future
random, not
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
character or traits are displayed