Endocrine Hormones Vocabulary

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering endocrine hormones, their target tissues, mechanisms, physiological actions, control types, and associated hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders based on the provided notes.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A neurally controlled hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the neurohypophysis that increases water permeability of collecting ducts, causes water retention, dilutes electrolytes, and constricts blood vessels.

Oxytocin (OT)

A neurally controlled hormone produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the neurohypophysis under positive feedback control that stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus during childbirth and ducts of the breast during lactation.

Growth Hormone (GH)

An adenohypophysis hormone controlled by GHRH and GHIH that stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, fat utilization for energy, somatomedin secretion, and increases plasma glucose.

Prolactin (PRL)

An adenohypophysis hormone stimulated by PRH and inhibited by PIH that stimulates the production of milk by mammary glands.

Diabetes insipidus

A disorder caused by hyposecretion of ADH resulting in increased urine production (water loss) and dehydration.

SIADH

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of ADH resulting in water retention leading to hypertension.

Gigantism

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) resulting in excessive growth.

Acromegaly

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) resulting in growth of soft tissues.

Pituitary dwarfism

A disorder caused by hyposecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) resulting in small stature.

Hyperprolactinemia

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of Prolactin resulting in galactorrhea (milk production in nonlactating females), lack of menses, and infertility in women, and impotence in men.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

An adenohypophysis hormone stimulated by TRH that stimulates production of thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$) and growth and development of the thyroid gland.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

An adenohypophysis hormone stimulated by CRH that stimulates production of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, especially glucocorticoids.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

An adenohypophysis hormone stimulated by GnRH that stimulates development of ovarian follicles/oocytes and estrogen secretion in females, and sperm production in males.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

An adenohypophysis hormone stimulated by GnRH that stimulates ovulation and estrogen/progesterone secretion in females, and testosterone/inhibin secretion in males.

T3 and Thyroxine (T4)

Thyroid hormones requiring iodine that increase the basal metabolic rate of nearly every cell except the brain, spleen, testis, uterus, and thyroid, while increasing $O_2$ use and heat production.

Calcitonin

A humorally controlled hormone secreted by the thyroid in response to elevated blood $Ca^{2+}$ levels that lowers blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A humorally controlled hormone secreted by the parathyroid in response to low blood $Ca^{2+}$ levels that maintains calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoblasts.

Hashimoto's thyroid

An autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland causing hyposecretion of thyroid hormones and resulting in myxedema.

Myxedema

A hyposecretion disorder of thyroid hormones characterized by low basal metabolic rate, bradycardia, low body temperature, and mental sluggishness.

Cretinism

A hyposecretion disorder of thyroid hormones during development that causes mental and physical retardation.

Grave's disease

An autoimmune hypersecretion disease where antibodies resemble TSH and overstimulate the thyroid, resulting in tachycardia, high blood pressure, high BMR, weight loss, exophthalmos, and toxic goiter.

Hyperparathyroidism

A hypersecretion disorder of parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to bone loss and elevated plasma $Ca^{2+}$.

Aldosterone

A steroid hormone secreted by the Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that stimulates $Na^+$ reabsorption and $K^+$ secretion in the kidneys, increasing water retention and blood pressure.

Cortisol

A glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that maintains blood glucose during prolonged stress by promoting gluconeogenesis and utilizing fats and amino acids.

Aldosteronism

A hypersecretion disorder of aldosterone resulting in increased $Na^+$ retention, hypertension, and loss of $K^+$ leading to neural and muscular dysfunction.

Addison's disease

A hyposecretion disorder of adrenal cortical hormones resulting in decreased $Na^+$ reabsorption (hypotension), increased $K^+$, and hypoglycemia.

Cushing's disease

A hypersecretion disorder mainly of cortisol causing excess $Na^+$ and water retention, hypertension, low $K^+$, hyperglycemia (steroid diabetes), redistribution of fat (moon face and buffalo neck), and loss of muscle and bone mass.

Epinephrine

A neurally controlled hormone released by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla during the alarm phase of GAS that increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, increases blood glucose, and breaks down fats.

Norepinephrine

A neurally controlled hormone released by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla during the alarm phase of GAS that constricts peripheral and digestive blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

Masculinization

A disorder in females caused by excess ACTH or an adrenal tumor leading to excess adrenal androgen production.

Gynecomastia

A disorder in males caused by excess ACTH or an adrenal tumor leading to excess adrenal estrogen production.

Glucagon

A humorally controlled hormone produced by alpha cells of pancreatic islets that increases blood glucose by stimulating liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Insulin

A humorally controlled hormone produced by beta cells of pancreatic islets that decreases blood glucose by stimulating cellular glucose uptake and glycogen formation while inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Thymosin

A hormone produced by the thymus that stimulates immunocompetence in T cell lymphocytes.

Diabetes mellitus Type I (IDDM)

A disorder where no insulin is produced, resulting in hyperglycemia, lipidemia, glucosuria, ketonuria, polyuria, polydipsia, and potentially ketoacidosis.

Diabetes mellitus Type II (NIDDM)

A disorder characterized by a decreased cellular response to insulin.

Hyperinsulinism

An excess of insulin usually caused by an overdose, leading to insulin shock.