DCUSH

Who was known as the 'people's president' during the Jacksonian era?

Andrew Jackson

What system is most commonly associated with Jackson's cabinet appointments?

The Spoils System

What was the Peggy Eaton Affair?

A controversy involving Jackson's defense of Peggy Eaton, the wife of his Secretary of War, which affected his cabinet dynamics.

What was the 'Tariff of Abominations'?

A tariff that favored New England and Westerners but raised prices on manufactured goods for Southerners.

What did John C. Calhoun advocate for in response to the Tariff of Abominations?

Nullification, the idea that states could reject national laws.

What was the Force Bill?

A bill passed by Jackson allowing the use of military force to enforce tariff collection.

Who proposed the Compromise Tariff?

Henry Clay

What was the outcome of the Compromise Tariff?

It promised to gradually lower tariffs, leading to South Carolina dropping its push for nullification.

What was the most divisive issue in the Election of 1832?

The National Bank recharter.

What was Jackson's response to the National Bank recharter?

He vetoed it.

What were the two options given to Native Americans during Jackson's presidency?

Assimilate into American culture or leave U.S. land.

What were the two court cases that upheld Native American rights to their lands?

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia.

What was Jackson's famous response to the Supreme Court's decision in favor of Native Americans?

He said, 'John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.'

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced removal of the Cherokee people to Oklahoma, resulting in thousands of deaths.

What economic crisis occurred during Martin Van Buren's presidency?

The Panic of 1837.

What caused the Panic of 1837?

A decline in cotton prices and a demand for credit repayments from Britain.

What was the outcome of the Charles River Bridge case?

The court ruled that a state charter did not imply a monopoly and that older forms must make way for innovation.

Who were the Whig candidates in the Election of 1840?

William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.

What slogan did the Whigs use in the Election of 1840?

'Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too!'

What happened to William Henry Harrison shortly after his inauguration?

He contracted pneumonia and died one month into his presidency.

What was the political fate of John Tyler after Harrison's death?

He was quickly excommunicated from the Whig party.

Where did slavery spread by the 1830s?

From Maryland to Texas

What term describes kinship among slaves with honorary titles?

Fictive kin

What is the minimum number of slaves a planter had?

At least 20 slaves

Who oversaw all operations on a plantation?

The master

Who oversaw the domestic aspects of the estate?

The mistress

What were poor white farmers often described as?

Plain White Folk

What derogatory terms were used for poor whites?

Crackers and hillbillies

What was the role of drivers among slaves?

Slaves in trusted positions to ensure work was done

What percentage of slaves worked in the fields?

3/4th

What would happen if slaves were forced to work too long or too fast?

Breakages or lost equipment

What was typically reserved for slaves on Sundays?

Rest and leisure time

What did whites believe about the health of slaves?

It proved they improved the slaves' lives

What were slave codes designed to do?

Deter runaways and control slave behavior

Who led a slave revolt in 1831?

Nat Turner

What did the Whigs and Democrats support regarding slavery?

Both openly supported Southern slavery

Who were the Grimke sisters?

Abolitionists who supported the anti-slavery movement

What did John Quincy Adams fight to end?

The gag rule preventing recognition of antislavery petitions

Who is known for leading the Underground Railroad?

Harriet Tubman

What did the 13th Amendment do?

Officially abolished slavery

In what year was the 13th Amendment ratified?

1865

What is Unitarianism?

A belief in a compassionate God and a calm, reasoned religion, contrasting with emotional uproar.

What do Universalists believe?

They believe that salvation is attainable for all people, rejecting Calvinist notions.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A religious revival movement with two phases rooted in Protestant Evangelicalism, involving urban elites and rural frontier revivals.

Who were some key figures in Native American revivalism?

Prophets like Handsome Lake and Tenskwatawa, who sought to reject American traditions and return to their own.

What did Joseph Smith claim to have found?

Golden plates that described the struggle between chosen ones and persecutors, and the visitation of Jesus in North America.

What happened to Joseph Smith?

He was arrested for ordering the destruction of a printing press opposing his views and was murdered by a mob in jail.

Who succeeded Joseph Smith as the leader of the Mormons?

Brigham Young.

Where did Brigham Young lead the Mormons?

To 'Deseret' in modern-day Utah, where they operated as an independent land until 1896.

What is Transcendentalism?

A belief that individuals can transcend reason and religion by reaching into their own spirituality, led by figures like Emerson and Thoreau.

What role did the printing press play in national culture?

It allowed for the efficient spread of information, increasing the desire for reading and entertainment.

Name a notable work by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The Scarlet Letter, which examines struggle and revenge while describing Colonialism.

What is Herman Melville's famous novel?

Moby-Dick, which explores human struggle in adventure and religion.

What does Walt Whitman's 'Leaves of Grass' reflect?

The American spirit.

Who led the public education reform?

Horace Mann, advocating for tax investment in education, extended school years, and improved standards.

What was the goal of the Washingtonians?

To pledge to stop drinking alcohol.

What was the role of women during the domesticity movement?

Women embraced the role of homemaker, gaining control over a male-dominated society.

Who were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott?

Leaders of the women's rights movement who organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

What did the Seneca Falls Convention demand?

Rights for women including voting, full equality, property rights, education, and employment.

Who was Sojourner Truth?

An African American woman who escaped slavery and advocated for women's rights and abolition.

What was the connection between women's rights and abolition?

Sojourner Truth signified the link between the struggles for women's rights and African American rights.

Did Southern women support women's suffrage?

No, Southern women did not support women's suffrage.

What event triggered Lincoln's declaration of rebellion in South Carolina?

The Confederates took Fort Sumter.

Which states left the Union after South Carolina?

Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Oklahoma Territory.

What significant change occurred in Virginia during the Civil War?

Virginia split into two, with West Virginia joining the Union in 1862.

What advantages did the North have over the South?

The North had industrialization, a larger population, and more food resources.

What did the South believe about their soldiers?

They felt they were 'Natural Soldiers' and expected a quick resolution to the war.

Who were the primary leaders of the North and South?

North: Abraham Lincoln; South: Jefferson Davis.

What was the average age of generals in the North and South?

North: 38 years; South: 47 years.

What was the initial troop authorization for the Confederacy?

400,000 volunteers.

How many troops did the Union eventually authorize?

Up to 700,000 troops.

What was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run?

It was the first major battle, where the South claimed victory despite both sides suffering losses.

Who became a rallying cry for the Confederates during Bull Run?

Thomas J. Jackson.

What role did women play during the Civil War?

They volunteered to supply armies and provide aid, with notable figures like Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton.

Who was appointed to reorganize the Union Army after Bull Run?

George McClellan.

What was the outcome of Fremont's leadership in the West?

He was removed due to poor results and harsh measures in Missouri.

What financial strategies did the Confederacy use during the war?

Loans, new taxes, and creating paper currency, leading to extreme inflation.

What was the Trent Affair?

The interception of Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell by a Union ship.

What strategy did Ulysses S. Grant employ in the West?

A land and sea tactic, using river gunboats to assault forts.

What was the objective of the Peninsular Campaign?

To attack Richmond from the south while sweeping north.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?

Grant's forces gained control of key rivers and pushed into Nashville.

What battle in Tennessee involved a surprise attack by Confederates under Albert Johnston?

The Battle of Shiloh

How many casualties were reported in the Battle of Shiloh?

17,000 killed and wounded, with 2,000 dying later.

Who replaced Albert Johnston after he was killed at Shiloh?

Beauregard

What significant naval action did David Farragut lead in New Orleans?

He attacked two forts and gained control of the Mississippi River.

What was the Confederate draft law regarding enlistment?

All white men aged 18-35 were required to serve for 3 years.

What was the significance of the 'twenty negro law' during the Confederate draft?

It allowed some men to stay home to oversee slaves.

What was the main challenge faced by McClellan's troops during the Seven Days Battle?

Confederates had superior defensive positioning and effective use of rifles.

What was the result of the Seven Days Battle?

Neither side achieved a clear victory, with 30,000 casualties.

What was Lincoln's stance on slavery during the Civil War?

He believed it should be ended slowly, with compensation to slaveholders.

Who was in charge of Union troops in Virginia during the Second Battle of Bull Run?

John Pope

What was the outcome of the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Lee's forces pushed Pope back to Washington.

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?

It resulted in a terrible stalemate with heavy casualties on both sides.

What were the living conditions like for soldiers during the Civil War?

Soldiers faced poor food, driving rain, endless mud, lice, and disease.

What caused the bread riots in Richmond during the Civil War?

Poor women believed merchants were hoarding goods to drive up prices.

What was the Conscription Act of March 1863?

It allowed individuals to hire substitutes or pay a $300 fine to avoid service.

What was the role of African American soldiers during the Civil War?

They were recruited by the Bureau of Colored Troops and eventually gained combat roles.

What strategy did Grant use to attack Vicksburg?

He used gunboats and barges at night to cross the Mississippi River.

What was the significance of the Battle of Chancellorsville?

It involved a large Union force led by Fighting Joe Hooker against Lee's Confederate forces.

Who did Lee send to outflank Hooker at Chancellorsville?

Stonewall Jackson