AP World Unit 5.3-5.9 Industrial Revolution

This set of flashcards covers key concepts, events, and outcomes related to the Industrial Revolution, focusing on its beginnings, technological advances, social impacts, and economic changes.

What were the environmental factors that contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900?

Proximity to waterways, geographical distribution of coal, iron, timber, urbanization, improved agricultural productivity, legal protection of private property, access to foreign resources, and accumulation of capital.

What characterized the transformation of an economy from agrarian to industrial?

A shift from manual labor to mechanized processes driven by machinery, leading to urbanization, increased productivity, and factory systems.

Where did industrialization begin and during what period?

Industrialization began in Britain in the late 18th century.

What was the impact of the steam engine on the Industrial Revolution?

It facilitated the transition from hand-made goods to machine-produced items and improved the transportation of goods.

What agricultural changes spurred industrialization?

Improved agricultural productivity led to more food production and reduced the need for farmers.

What happened to the working class during the Industrial Revolution?

Distinct classes emerged: working, middle, and upper classes with various social and economic dynamics.

What was the role of British colonies in the industrial process?

They supplied raw materials and markets for exporting British goods.

What did the factory system signify during industrialization?

The concentration of production in a single location, leading to specialization of labor.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the transportation industry?

The development of railways and canals improved the transportation of goods and fueled urban growth.

What social issues arose as a result of rapid urbanization?

Overcrowding, poor living conditions, high disease rates, and the need for sanitation reforms.

What were some technological advancements during the Second Industrial Revolution?

Steel production, internal combustion engines, electricity, and innovations in transportation.

What were the primary objectives of labor unions formed during the industrial era?

To improve working conditions, limit working hours, and gain higher wages.

What were the two dominant economic ideologies during the industrial era?

Mercantilism and laissez-faire capitalism.

What was the main concern of critics of industrial capitalism, such as Karl Marx?

The exploitation of the working class and the inequalities resulting from capitalism.

How did commodity production change during the Industrial Revolution?

There was a shift towards mass production and standardized parts, which was a fundamental change brought about by the assembly line.

What was a key feature of capitalism that emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

Private or corporate ownership of capital goods and production for profit.

How did the living conditions for the working class compare to those of the middle class?

The working class faced hazardous jobs and poor living conditions, while the middle class enjoyed a status based on capital and enterprise.

What was a major consequence of urbanization on public health?

The development of public health issues due to overcrowding, which led to sanitation reforms.

What was the main reason for the establishment of formal police forces during the industrial age?

To address rising crime rates resulting from rapid urbanization and social instability.

What was the effect of the British East India Company's monopoly on Indian industries?

It stifled India's textile industry and harmed local producers by imposing tariffs and restrictions.

What sparked the need for educational reforms in rapidly industrializing nations?

The rise of new social classes and the need for skilled labor in industrial economies.

How did the Industrial Revolution impact the environment?

It led to poor air quality, polluted waterways, and deforestation related to increased industry and urban activities.

What were the major innovations in the early textile industry?

Inventions like the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame allowed for the mass production of yarn and cloth.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

A period in Japan during the late 19th century characterized by rapid state-led industrialization and modernization.

How did Muhammad Ali attempt to industrialize Egypt?

He promoted the development of a domestic textile industry and modernized the military to compete with European powers.

What was the cult of domesticity during the industrial era?

A shifting social norm for middle-class women that emphasized their role in managing the home and family.

What is a limited liability corporation?

A business model that protected investors from personal financial ruin, facilitating the accumulation of capital for large-scale industrial ventures.