ushistory final

Articles of Confederation

made to unify the states (weak for many reasons)

Bill of Rights

a written list of the people’s rights (1st 10 amendments)

British Policies

colonists saw as violating their rights (ex. Stamp Act

Checks & Balances

to prevent 1 branch from dominating or taking over the others

City On A Hill

one of the first cities created by John Winthrop (Puritan) in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Intolerable Acts

laws that punished Massachusetts by closing Boston Harbor limiting self-government protecting British officials from colonial courts and forcing colonists to house soldiers

Colonial Acts of Rebellion

Boston Tea Party and boycotts of British goods to protest taxes

Common Sense

written to convince people to break away from Britain

Declaration of Independence

colonies declaring to Britain that they are an independent state

Federalism

a system where power is split between a national and state government

Federalists

people who supported the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

people who did not like the Constitution

French and Indian War

war over control of North America and the Ohio River Valley that left Britain with heavy debt

George Washington

led men at Fort Necessity British commander and first president

Hamilton

believed in a strong national government industrial economy loose interpretation of the Constitution and Federalist views

Jefferson

trusted the people supported strong state governments agricultural economy strict interpretation of the Constitution and Democratic-Republican views

Loyalist

colonists loyal to Britain

Patriot

colonists supporting independence

Marbury v. Madison

established judicial review allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

Mercantilism

colonies exist to make the mother country rich

Republic

government where citizens elect representatives to make laws

Salutary Neglect

Britain did not enforce laws allowing colonists to self-govern which caused tension when enforcement began

Separation of Powers

government power divided into three equal branches legislative executive and judicial

Shay’s Rebellion

uprising of Massachusetts farmers over high taxes showing the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Tyranny

when a ruler has too much power and takes away people’s rights

U.S. Constitution

framework for U.S. government that protects citizens’ rights

Yorktown

battle where French and American forces trapped Cornwallis forcing surrender

American Progress

painting by John Gast symbolizing Manifest Destiny and westward expansion

Assimilation

forcing Native Americans to adopt white culture

Dawes Act

law splitting tribal land into private farms resulting in land loss for Natives

Extermination

destruction or killing of Native peoples or their culture

Fort Laramie Treaty

U.S. agreement promising land to tribes that was later broken

Ghost Dance

Native spiritual movement hoping for the return of land and buffalo

Gold Rush

1849 discovery of gold in California causing mass migration west

Indian Removal Act

1830 law under Andrew Jackson forcing Native Americans west of the Mississippi River

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase from France that doubled U.S. territory

Manifest Destiny

belief that the United States was destined to expand west

Mormon Trail

migration route taken by Mormons seeking religious freedom in Utah

Oregon Trail

route settlers used to move west to the Oregon Territory

Removal

U.S. policy of relocating Native American tribes westward

Sand Creek Massacre

1864 attack where U.S. troops killed peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho

Trail of Tears

forced relocation of the Cherokee resulting in thousands of deaths

Wounded Knee

1890 massacre of Sioux ending Native resistance

Abolition

movement to end slavery

Abraham Lincoln

Civil War president who issued emancipation and was assassinated in 1865

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Northerners who moved South and Southerners who supported Reconstruction

Compromise of 1850

agreement admitting California as free and strengthening the Fugitive Slave Law

Confederacy

eleven Southern states that seceded to preserve slavery

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case ruling enslaved people were property not citizens

Eli Whitney

inventor of the cotton gin which increased demand for enslaved labor

Emancipation

Lincoln’s 1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate states

Frederick Douglass

formerly enslaved abolitionist leader and speaker

Freedmen’s Bureau

organization helping freed African Americans with food jobs and education

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s 1863 speech redefining the war as a fight for equality

Jefferson Davis

president of the Confederate States of America

Jim Crow Laws

state laws enforcing racial segregation

John Brown

abolitionist who led violent anti-slavery actions including Harpers Ferry

Ku Klux Klan

white supremacist group using terror to prevent Black civil rights

Middle Passage

transatlantic route used to transport enslaved Africans

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement admitting Missouri as slave and Maine as free

Plantation Economy

Southern agricultural system dependent on slavery and cash crops

Reconstruction

period from 1865 to 1877 rebuilding the South and expanding rights for freedmen

13th 14th and 15th Amendments

abolished slavery granted citizenship and protected voting rights for Black men

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865

Triangular Trade

trade network linking Europe Africa and the Americas

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general and 18th president who supported civil rights

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Underground Railroad

secret network helping enslaved people escape to freedom

Captains of Industry and Robber Barons

industrial leaders viewed as innovators or exploiters

Chicago Hub

major railroad and meatpacking center symbolizing industrial growth

Railroads

transportation network that expanded trade migration and industry

Child Labor

use of children in dangerous low-paying factory jobs

Collective Bargaining

negotiations between unions and employers for better conditions

Cult of Domesticity

belief that women belonged in the home limiting their rights

Capitalism

economic system based on private ownership and competition

Laissez-Faire

hands-off government policy toward business

Socialism

economic system where the government or community owns major industries

Progressivism

reform movement addressing social economic and political problems

Horizontal Integration

strategy where companies buy competitors to control an industry

Immigration

arrival of millions of people increasing labor but causing cultural tension

Industrialization

shift from farm work to factory production

Innovation

new technologies that increased efficiency and production

Political Machines

corrupt organizations controlling city governments and elections

Microcosm

small example representing a larger system

Monopoly or Trust

single company controlling an entire industry

Muckraker

journalist exposing corruption and social problems

Nativism

opposition to immigration favoring native-born Americans

Regulate

to control business practices through government rules

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting launching the women’s rights movement

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

law designed to break up monopolies

Social Darwinism

belief that success comes to the strongest justifying inequality

Strike

work stoppage by employees demanding change

Suffrage

the right to vote

Temperance Movement

effort to reduce or eliminate alcohol use

Unions

worker organizations fighting for better wages hours and safety

Urbanization

growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration

Vertical Integration

ownership of all stages of production

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

women’s rights leader and organizer of Seneca Falls

Eugene V. Debs

labor leader and socialist presidential candidate

Susan B. Anthony

women’s suffrage leader who fought for voting rights