(new) CS3 - Hardware

What is the internet of things?

Connection of devices that use the internet for data exchange

What do machines in the house use instead of a CPU?

A microprocessor

What are embedded systems?

A device that has a microprocessor designed to do a specific task

What is the fetch-execute-decode cycle?

Method of processing instructions

What is RAM (Random Access Memory)?

stores data and instructions that are input

What happens in the fetch stage?

The program counter (PC) The CPU store is the address of the next instruction that needs to be processed

The address is transported from this PC to the memory address register (MAR) Using the address bus

Send the address to Ram using the address bus

RA sent the data stored and the address to the memory data register MDR using the data bus

The MTR sends the instructions to the current instruction register CIR using the databus

What is the CIR part of?

The controlled unit, CU

What is the control unit?

Component in the CPU that controls the operations in the CPU

How does the CU decode an instruction?

Using an instruction set

What is an instruction set?

Set of commands understood and processed by the CPU

Where is data sent in the execute stage?

To the arithmetic logic unit ALU for calculations

What is the arithmetic logic unit ALU?

Performance mathematical and logical operations needed when processing data and instructions

Where are values calculated by ALU stored?

In the accumulator, ACC

How do the different components know what they’re doing in the fetch decode execute cycle?

See you send signals to all of the components in the CPU using control bus

What factors affect the performance of CPU?

• The number of cores

• The clock speed

• The cache size

How does the number of cores affect the speed of the CPU?

The number of cores determines how many fetch-execute-decode cycles the SPU and perform at the same time, allowing multiple tasks to be completed at the same time

How does the internal clock affect the speed of the CPU?

The internal clock controls the speed of the instruction processed and can be changed

How does the cache affect the speed of the CPU?

The cache stores instructions used often as the CPU doesn’t need to fetch data from the RAM but just from the cache, saving time. This means a larger cache stores more instructions that are used often.

What are input devices?

A device allowing data to be entered into a computer system

What are output devices?

A device used to enter results of data that has been processed

What is a sensor?

An input device used to capture data from the environment

what happens to data from sensors?

It is processed by the computer system

What is the pneumonic for the different types of sensors?

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What are acoustic sensors?

Measures levels of sounds – used for security

What is an accelerometer?

Measures moving forces like gravity or vibration – used in phones to see which way it faces, earthquake detection, and cars

What is flow?

Measures amount of liquid or gas flowing in the environment – used in factories to make sure the flow is constant and pipes

What is gas?

Measures the concentration of gas in the environment – used in houses

What is level?

Measures if a substance is in a certain level – used in cars cars to make sure oil and fuel is not too low

What is magnetic field sensor?

Measures of a magnetic field is submitted by an object – used to count how many cars pass an area

What is primary storage?

Storage directly accessed by CPU

Types of primary storage?

• RAM

• ROM

What is RAM?

• Volatile storage - when power is off, the contents of RAM are lost

• Stores data and programs currently being used

• Contents are constantly being changed

• You can increase the amount of RAM by adding RAM components

What is ROM?

• Non-volatile - when power is removes, contents are retained

• Stores program needed to turn on the computer

• Contents are fixed and do not change

• Not easy to change ROM size

What is secondary storage?

Storage that is not directly accessed by the CPU

How is data from the secondary storage accessed?

By being sent to the primary storage to be processed

What are types of secondary storage?

Magnetic, optical, solid-state

How does magnetic storage work?

• Has circular plates called platters that spin to allow data to be read and written

• Platters are separated into tracks and sectors

• Read/write head moves across platters to read or write data

• Magnetized dots are used to store binary values

• If a dot is magnetised, it stores 1 but if it is demagnetised it stores 0

How does optical storage work?

• The disk spins and a read/write head moves across the surface to read/write data

• To write data , a lazer burns pits into the surface of the disc

• The space between pits are called lands

• A lazer is used to read pits and lands

What is a disadvantage to optical storage?

They have moving parts meaning they could tear and be damaged if dropped

How is solid state storage created?

using semiconductor chips

What are semiconductor chips?

Electronic circuit where transistors are set on a semiconductor material like silicon

What do solid-state storage contain?

It contains cells and transistors laid out of a grid

How are transistors wired together?

NOR structure - cells are wired together in parallel

NAND structure - Cells are wired in series

How is data read and written on solid state storage?

• The transistors are called control gate and floating gate

• The control gate is on top of a floating gate

• When solid state storage is creates, transistors are set to 1

• Current reaches each control gate then flows to the floating gate to be stored

• When data is stored in a transistor, it is converted to binary value 0

What is virtual storage?

Storage used as an extension to ram

How does virtual memory work?

A section of the hard drive is section 2 be extra ram

When Raman is full the system transfers data to virtual memory to be held until it is needed

Datta that is not immediately needed is transferred and collected and a structure called page

The pages of data are transferred to virtual memory, so there is room for ram

When the pages are needed, they are sent to RAM to be processed

What happens if virtual memory did not exist?

If the ramp became full and cannot transfer data to virtual memory, the system would crash

What is cloud storage?

Data storage owned by a third-party and accessed by the user using the Internet

what is a server?

Component that acts like a essential resource for the storage of data or providing a service

How do companies use cloud storage?

By paying a fee to cloud storage companies to store the companies and keep it secure until it is needed the company accesses this data when required using the Internet

What does it mean to store locally?

When data is stored in buildings owned by the business

What does it mean to store data remotely?

When data is stored in hardware owned by third-party

What are features of storing data in the cloud?

Don’t need to pay for hardware to store data

He don’t have responsibility or security of the hardware storing the data

You are relying on a third-party to make sure the data is safe. This could put your data at risk.

You can access the data from anywhere with any device if you have Internet

Access data might be slow if your connection is low

He can increase and decrease the amount of storage easily

What are features of storing data locally?

You need to purchase hardware to store data

You need to make sure the data storage is maintained and secure

He don’t need Internet connection to access data

He could have the hardware that is not used

What does network mean?

Computers and devices joined together

What is the network Interface Card ?

Components in a computer used to connect to a network

What does transmission media mean?

Cables used to transfer data in network

What is media access Control?

Unique address given to AN NIC by the manufacturer

What is a MAC address made up of?

Manufacturers ID code and serial ID code

What is a router?

Network component that examines a data packet for its destination address and forward the package to its address

What is a router do?

Connect device to the Internet and uses the IP address to read and send the data to the correct location

What is IP address assigned by?

The network

What are the two versions of an IP address?

IPv4 and IPv6

What are the differences between IPv4 and IPv6?

IPv4 uses 32 bits while IPv6 uses 128 bits

IPv4 has had a decimal characters

IPv4 four is separated by full stops IPv6 separated by colons

What is the static IP address?

An IP address that does not change when connecting to a network

What is a dynamic IP address?

IP address that changes when a device connects to the Internet

what provides a static IP address?

The Internet service provider