UPCAT P6 - MECHANICS

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Last updated 6:15 AM on 6/28/26
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38 Terms

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Mechanics
Branch of physics dealing with energy of matter
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Energy
Basic quantity describing state of an object/system; unit = Joule (J)
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Mechanical Energy (ME)
ME = KE_total + PE_total
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Kinetic Energy formula
KE = ½mv²
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Gravitational PE formula
PE_G = mgh
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Elastic PE formula
PE_S = ½kx²
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Thermal energy
Total energy of particles within an object; microscopic equivalent of mechanical energy
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Electric energy
Derived from movement of charged particles
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Radiant energy
Energy from electromagnetic radiation (includes light)
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Sound energy
Energy from vibration of air due to sound propagation
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created/destroyed, only transformed
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Conservation of ME formula (no external work)
ΔME = ΔKE + ΔPE = 0
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Effect of work on energy (general)
ΔE = W
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ME-work relation (general)
ΔME = ΔKE + ΔPE = W
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When work is done
If ΔME ≠ 0, work was done on the object
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Work definition
Force causing displacement of an object; measure of influence on it
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Work formula
W = F·d
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Work unit
Joule (J); 1 J = 1 N·m
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Power formula
P = W/t; 1 watt = 1 J/s
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More power means
More work done in less time, or same work done faster
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Machine definition
Device that receives input work and transfers it to output work; alters influence of a force
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Mechanical Advantage (MA)
MA = F1/F2 (Load/Effort) = s/h (effort distance/load distance)
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Why MA trades force for distance
Less force needed means more distance must be covered, so total work stays the same
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Lever components
Fulcrum (pivot), Effort (force applied), Load/Resistance (force overcome)
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Lever mnemonic
"FLE" - tells what's in the middle of each class
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Class 1 Lever
Fulcrum in the middle; e.g. crowbar, scissors, seesaw
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Class 2 Lever
Load in the middle; e.g. wheelbarrow
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Class 3 Lever
Effort in the middle; e.g. human arm (forearm lifting)
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Wheel and Axle
Wheel and rod rotate on same axis; small force on wheel = bigger force at axle (or vice versa); e.g. doorknob, steering wheel
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Pulley
Rope wound around wheel; one end to load, other end where force applied
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Pulley MA
MA = number of rope segments supporting the load
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Why pulley MA trades force for distance
More supporting rope segments = each carries less load weight (less force needed) = more rope must be pulled through (more distance)
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Ramp (Inclined Plane)
Trades force for distance via slope; MA = slant length/height; longer/gentler slope = less force needed
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Wedge
Like a ramp turned sideways; converts downward force into outward splitting force; e.g. axe, knife
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Screw
Ramp wrapped around a cylinder (helix); converts rotational motion to linear motion
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What a machine CAN do
Change direction of force, deliver stronger force, lessen force needed, decrease power needed
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What a machine CANNOT do
Decrease the total amount of work required
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