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what are tissues?
layers or groups of similar cells with a common function
what is histology?
the study of tissues
what are the four major types of tissues
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
where is epithelial tissue located?
it covers all body surfaces both internally and externally
what attaches epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue?
the basement membrane (two layers found between epithelial tissue and connective tissue)
what are the functions of the epithelial tissues?
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, senses
how is epithelial tissues classified?
by their shape and number of layers of cells
what does simple mean?
one layer of cells
what does stratified mean?
two or more layers of cells
what does squamous mean?
shape of thin and flattened cells
what does cuboidal mean?
the cells are cube-shaped
what does columnar mean?
flat and elongated cell shape
what does simple squamous mean?
classification of epithelial tissue that consists of flattened cells and a single layer of them, which causes it to be very delicate
what is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissues?
secretion and absorption
where are simple squamous epithelial tissues found?
in the alveoli/air sacs of the lungs and the walls of blood capillaries
what does simple cuboidal mean?
a single layer of cube-shaped cells
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissues?
secretion and urine formation in the kidneys
where are simple cuboidal epithelial tissues found?
the lining of kidney tubules and surface of ovaries
what is simple columnar?
a single layer of column-like cells
what is the function of simple columnar epithelial tissues?
secretion and absorption
where are simple columnar epithelial tissues found?
small intestine and uterus
what type of cells do simple columnar epithelial tissues contain and what is their function?
goblet cells; secrete mucus
what is found on top of simple columnar epithelial tissues and what do they do?
microvilli; increase surface area for absorption
what is stratified squamous?
multiple layers of flattened cells
what is the function of stratified squamous epithelial tissues?
protection
where are stratified squamous epithelial tissues found?
the lining of body cavities, esophagus, anus, vagina, and mouth
what is the function of skin?
to prevent harmful substances from entering the body; contains sensory receptors and regulates body temperature
what is pseudostratified columnar?
what appears to be multiple layers BUT IS ACTUALLY ONE LAYER of columnar cells that have nuclei at various heights
what do two things may pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues contain and what are their functions?
cilia: moves debris out of airways, goblet cells: secrete mucus
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues?
the mucus secreted by the goblet cells traps dust and the cilia sweeps dust/debris out of the airways
where are pseudostratified columar epithelial tissues found?
the lining of air passages like the trachea, and the tubes of the reproductive system
what happens if cilia does not work properly?
inflammation and asthma; may develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
what is the main cause of damaged cilia?
smoking
what is transitional epthelium?
thick, layered cuboidal cells that can stretch and then return to their normal size
where is transitional epithelium found?
ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
what is the function of transitional epthelium?
it allows for large changes in volume to occur since it can stretch and go back to its original size; prevents urine from diffusing back into internal environment
what is glandular epithelium?
glands
what do glandular epithelial cells do?
produce and secrete substances
what do exocrine glands do?
secrete products into ducts that open to a body surface
what are examples of exocrine glands?
pancreas, salivary gland, mammary gland, oil gland, and sweat gland
what do endocrine glands do?
secrete products into body fluids and blood
what are examples of endocrine glands?
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and pituitary gland
what do connective tissues do?
binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection
what are connective tissues composed of?
scattered protein fibers within a matrix
do connective tissues have one set consistency?
no. they can vary from liquid to rigid
what are three components of connective tissue cells and what do they do?
fibroblasts: star shaped cells that secrete fibers
wandering macrophages: phagocytes that protect against infection
mast cells: aid in immune response
what are the three main types of fibers and how are they described?
collagenous fibers: strong and flexible but not elastic, found in long, parallel bundles
elastic fibers: not as strong as collagenous fibers but very elastic, found in vocal chords
reticular fibers: thin fibers found in the lung, liver, and spleen
what are the categories of connective tissues?
loose, dense, supportive, fluid, and membranes
what is areolar tissue and what type of connective tissue is it?
binds skin to underlying organs and organs to organs; forms thin, delicate membrane throughout the body; loose
what is adipose tissue and what type of connective tissue is it?
what makes up the majority of the deepest, fatty layer of the skin; loose
what is the function of adipose tissue?
to provide protective cushion, preserve body heat, and store energy
what is reticular tissue, what does it do, where is it found, and what type of connective tissue is it?
thin tissue
provides support
walls of liver and spleen
loose
what is dense connective tissue and why is it slow to heal?
thick collagenous and elastic fibers
there are few cells and poor blood supply, which causes slow healing
where is dense connective tissue found?
tendons, ligaments, deep layer of skin, and white layer of the eyeball
what do tendons connect?
muscles to bones
what do ligaments connect?
bones to bones
what type of tissue is cartilage?
supportive connective tissue (most common type)
what is the physical structure of hyaline cartilage?
where is it found?
what does it do?
thin collagen fibers that appear glassy
end of bones
supports respiratory structures
what type of tissue is elastic cartilage?
where is it found?
supportive connective tissue
external ear and parts of the larynx/throat
what type of tissue is fibrocartilage?
what is it?
where is it found?
supportive connective tissue
tough, shock-absorbing pads between the vertebral column
inter-vertebral discs and knees
what type of tissue is bone tissue?
supportive connective tissue
what is the main difference between bone tissue and cartilage?
bone tissue is highly supplied with blood vessels while cartilage is not
what type of tissue is blood tissue?
what does it do?
where is it formed?
fluid connective tissue
transports substances throughout the body
in bone marrow
what are membranes?
what type of tissue are they?
thin, sheetlike structures that cover body cavities and internal structures
where are serous membranes found?
what type of fluid do they secrete?
the lining of body cavities that lack an opening to the outside such as the lungs and heart
serous fluid
where are mucous membranes found?
what do they secrete?
the lining of body cavities that have an opening to the outside such as the nose and espoghagus
mucus
where are synovial membranes found?
what type of fluid do they secrete?
the lining of inner portions of joint cavities between bones, knee bones
synovial fluid
where are cutaneous membranes found?
the skin
what are muscle tissues made up of?
what do they have the ability to do?
fibers
contract and shorten to provide movement
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