HAP tissues and skin

what are tissues?

layers or groups of similar cells with a common function

what is histology?

the study of tissues

what are the four major types of tissues

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

where is epithelial tissue located?

it covers all body surfaces both internally and externally

what attaches epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue?

the basement membrane (two layers found between epithelial tissue and connective tissue)

what are the functions of the epithelial tissues?

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, senses

how is epithelial tissues classified?

by their shape and number of layers of cells

what does simple mean?

one layer of cells

what does stratified mean?

two or more layers of cells

what does squamous mean?

shape of thin and flattened cells

what does cuboidal mean?

the cells are cube-shaped

what does columnar mean?

flat and elongated cell shape

what does simple squamous mean?

classification of epithelial tissue that consists of flattened cells and a single layer of them, which causes it to be very delicate

what is the function of simple squamous epithelial tissues?

secretion and absorption

where are simple squamous epithelial tissues found?

in the alveoli/air sacs of the lungs and the walls of blood capillaries

what does simple cuboidal mean?

a single layer of cube-shaped cells

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelial tissues?

secretion and urine formation in the kidneys

where are simple cuboidal epithelial tissues found?

the lining of kidney tubules and surface of ovaries

what is simple columnar?

a single layer of column-like cells

what is the function of simple columnar epithelial tissues?

secretion and absorption

where are simple columnar epithelial tissues found?

small intestine and uterus

what type of cells do simple columnar epithelial tissues contain and what is their function?

goblet cells; secrete mucus

what is found on top of simple columnar epithelial tissues and what do they do?

microvilli; increase surface area for absorption

what is stratified squamous?

multiple layers of flattened cells

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelial tissues?

protection

where are stratified squamous epithelial tissues found?

the lining of body cavities, esophagus, anus, vagina, and mouth

what is the function of skin?

to prevent harmful substances from entering the body; contains sensory receptors and regulates body temperature

what is pseudostratified columnar?

what appears to be multiple layers BUT IS ACTUALLY ONE LAYER of columnar cells that have nuclei at various heights

what do two things may pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues contain and what are their functions?

cilia: moves debris out of airways, goblet cells: secrete mucus

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues?

the mucus secreted by the goblet cells traps dust and the cilia sweeps dust/debris out of the airways

where are pseudostratified columar epithelial tissues found?

the lining of air passages like the trachea, and the tubes of the reproductive system

what happens if cilia does not work properly?

inflammation and asthma; may develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

what is the main cause of damaged cilia?

smoking

what is transitional epthelium?

thick, layered cuboidal cells that can stretch and then return to their normal size

where is transitional epithelium found?

ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

what is the function of transitional epthelium?

it allows for large changes in volume to occur since it can stretch and go back to its original size; prevents urine from diffusing back into internal environment

what is glandular epithelium?

glands

what do glandular epithelial cells do?

produce and secrete substances

what do exocrine glands do?

secrete products into ducts that open to a body surface

what are examples of exocrine glands?

pancreas, salivary gland, mammary gland, oil gland, and sweat gland

what do endocrine glands do?

secrete products into body fluids and blood

what are examples of endocrine glands?

thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and pituitary gland

what do connective tissues do?

binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection

what are connective tissues composed of?

scattered protein fibers within a matrix

do connective tissues have one set consistency?

no. they can vary from liquid to rigid

what are three components of connective tissue cells and what do they do?

1. fibroblasts: star shaped cells that secrete fibers

2. wandering macrophages: phagocytes that protect against infection

3. mast cells: aid in immune response

what are the three main types of fibers and how are they described?

1. collagenous fibers: strong and flexible but not elastic, found in long, parallel bundles

2. elastic fibers: not as strong as collagenous fibers but very elastic, found in vocal chords

3. reticular fibers: thin fibers found in the lung, liver, and spleen

what are the categories of connective tissues?

loose, dense, supportive, fluid, and membranes

what is areolar tissue and what type of connective tissue is it?

binds skin to underlying organs and organs to organs; forms thin, delicate membrane throughout the body; loose

what is adipose tissue and what type of connective tissue is it?

what makes up the majority of the deepest, fatty layer of the skin; loose

what is the function of adipose tissue?

to provide protective cushion, preserve body heat, and store energy

what is reticular tissue, what does it do, where is it found, and what type of connective tissue is it?

thin tissue

provides support

walls of liver and spleen

loose

what is dense connective tissue and why is it slow to heal?

thick collagenous and elastic fibers

there are few cells and poor blood supply, which causes slow healing

where is dense connective tissue found?

tendons, ligaments, deep layer of skin, and white layer of the eyeball

what do tendons connect?

muscles to bones

what do ligaments connect?

bones to bones

what type of tissue is cartilage?

supportive connective tissue (most common type)

what is the physical structure of hyaline cartilage?

where is it found?

what does it do?

thin collagen fibers that appear glassy

end of bones

supports respiratory structures

what type of tissue is elastic cartilage?

where is it found?

supportive connective tissue

external ear and parts of the larynx/throat

what type of tissue is fibrocartilage?

what is it?

where is it found?

supportive connective tissue

tough, shock-absorbing pads between the vertebral column

inter-vertebral discs and knees

what type of tissue is bone tissue?

supportive connective tissue

what is the main difference between bone tissue and cartilage?

bone tissue is highly supplied with blood vessels while cartilage is not

what type of tissue is blood tissue?

what does it do?

where is it formed?

fluid connective tissue

transports substances throughout the body

in bone marrow

what are membranes?

what type of tissue are they?

thin, sheetlike structures that cover body cavities and internal structures

where are serous membranes found?

what type of fluid do they secrete?

the lining of body cavities that lack an opening to the outside such as the lungs and heart

serous fluid

where are mucous membranes found?

what do they secrete?

the lining of body cavities that have an opening to the outside such as the nose and espoghagus

mucus

where are synovial membranes found?

what type of fluid do they secrete?

the lining of inner portions of joint cavities between bones, knee bones

synovial fluid

where are cutaneous membranes found?

the skin

what are muscle tissues made up of?

what do they have the ability to do?

fibers

contract and shorten to provide movement