psychopathology exam 2

mood disorders

gross deviations in mood

mood disorder biological causes

familial and genetic, NT, endocrine

mood disorder psychological causes

stressful life events, learned helplessness, pessimistic style

major depressive episode

most common, most severe, extreme depressed state for at least 2 weeks, feelings of worthlessness, disturbed sleep, overwhelming effort, anhedonia, can be 4-9 months without treatment

dysfunctional reward processing

inability to engage in pleasurable activity

manic episode

extreme pleasure in every activity, hyperactive, little sleep, grandiose plans, flight of ideas, at least 1 week unless hospitalized, untreated it can last 3-4 months, irritability, anxiety

unipolar mood disorder

mood remains at one end of spectrum, more frequent in teens

mixed features

experience mania and depression at the same time

major depressive disorder

prescence of depression, absence of manic/hypomanic episode, 2 or more episodes 2 months apart, recurrent, median 4-5 months recurrent episode, anhedonia

persistant depressive disorder

dysthymia, fewer symptoms, unchanged mood for 20-30 years, 2 months at a time

double depression

MDD and persistant depression occurs together, fewer symptoms, baseline is dysthymic

pure dysthemic syndrome

chronic low grade depression, has not met MDD criteria in at least 2 years, ranked on mild, moderate, severe

specificers for major depressive disorder

psychotic, suicidal, anxious distress, mixed, melancholic, atypical, catatonic, peripartum, seasonal pattern

psychotic features specifier

somatic delusions, auditory hallucinations, delusions of grandeur

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catatonic features specifier

cataplexy, absence of movement, waxy muscles

peripartum onset specifier

before or just after birth, 1/8 of women meet criteria, 20% think of hurting themselves

seasonal pattern specifier

worry, rumination, circadian rhythm, treated with CBT, 2-9 months untreated

acute grief

natural grieving process, peaks around 6 months

integrated grief

develops from acute grief, individual adjusts to loss

severe grief

6-12 months, suicidal thoughts, thoughts of joining loved one, inability to look to future, prolonged grief disorder

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

severe incapacitating emotions, 20-40% women, endocrine disorder

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

children with chronic irritability anger, aggression, hyperarousal, temper tantrums, misdiagnosed with ADHD, up to 12 years old

bipolar II disorder

major depressive/hypomanic, function fairly well during high, onset 19-22, 10-25% develop into type I

bipolar I disorder

major depressive/mania, deny problem during high, onset 15-18

cyclothymic disorder

milder, more chronic bipolar, at least 2 years of cycle, 1 in kids/teens, many develop bipolar I or II, onset 12-14

rapid cycling specifier

individuals move quickly from manic to depressive episode, 4 cycles in a year, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers effective, 20-50% patients, increased frequency of cycles overtime

ultra rapid switching

cycles last days or weeks

ultra ultra rapid cycling

cycle is less than 24 hours, manic during day, depressed at night, suspected link with circadian rhythm 

probound

1st degree relative with disorder, 2-3x greater risk of developing disorder

dexamethasone suppression test (DST)

glucocorticoid supresses cortisol production, less active in depressed patients

hippocampus

keeps stress hormones in check, short term memory

learned helplessness

people believe there is nothing they can do about life stressors and become depressed

depressive cognitive triad

make cognitive errors and think poorly of themselves, world, and future

social support

lack can cause onset of depression

clinical psychologist

make up treatment plans, symptom outcomes, development/etiology of disorder

observational study downsides

people adjust behavior when they know they’re being watched

longitudinal study downsides

hard to track people down, they don’t show back up

psych presentations

more casual, cutting edge info

psych publications

long process, peer review, lots of editing, helps professors get tenure, takes years

grants

need money to fund lab, NIH funding, salary

tiers of journal

status of where paper was published

authorship

author that contributed the most is first, last author is who’s lab it was, senior researcher

operational definition

testable measurable definition of subject, ex. SUDS

positive correlation

DV and IV show similar trends

negative correlation

DV and IV show opposite trends

randomized clinical trial

placebo vs treatment applied to subjects at random

waitlist control

people on waitlist get treatment of first phase of treatment groups, compare two groups at certain treatment mark

attrition

people who drop out of study

comparative treatment designs

compare new treatment to older treatment to determine its accuracy

double blind study

participant and researcher don’t know if its treatment or placebo, reduces bias

internal validity

greater confidence in IV affecting DV, more control in lab

external validity

generalizability of results to general population

analogue model

recreated and controlled conditions in lab, comparable to phenomenon being studied

clinical significance

whether or not the treatment difference was meaningful for those affected

patient uniformity myth

tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than they are, ignoring their individual differences

allegiance effect

researchers find the most effective treatment to be the one that they hold a theoretical allegiance to

process research

focuses on why something works

treatment process

finding out why or how treatment works

treatment outcome

involves finding out what changes occur after treatment

single-case experimental design

assesses the effectiveness of treatment by repeatedly measuring behavior of individual over time

withdrawal design

design in which a researcher tries to determine whether IV is responsible for changes in behavior by removing IV and recording effects

drug holiday

a temporary interruption in the use of a medication, determine effects of medication

functional communication behavior

use of appropriate communicative behavior to replace the inappropriate behavior, make it easier to communicate through words, sign, or pictures than the problem behavior, more likely they will use they functional behavior instead

endophenotypes

genetic mechanisms that contribute to underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

family studies

scientists examine a behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family

universal protection agencies

focus on entire populations, target risk factors without focusing on the individual

selective protection

targets groups of people at risk

indicated prevention

targets specific individuals who are showing early signs of a disorder

cohorts

participants in each age group of a study with a cross-sectional design

cohort effect

the confounding of age and experience is a limitation of the cross-sectional design

retrospective information

data collected by examining records or recollections of the past, isn't very accurate

sequential design

cross sectional and longitudinal designs, repeated measure of cohorts over time

sakit gila

Disorder in Malaysia, similar to schizophrenia

anxiety

a future-oriented negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future

fear

immediate alarm reaction to danger

panic

sudden, overwhelming fright or terror

panic attack

abrupt, intense fear or acute discomfort, physical symptoms, heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and dizziness

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

system in the brain that reacts to threats, stops behavior to avoid punishment

fight or flight

brain circuit that causes immediate alarm and escape response resembling panic

anxiety sensitivity

general tendency to respond fearfully to anxiety symptoms

triple vulnerability theory

consists of generalized biological vulnerability, generalized psychological vulnerability, and specific psychological vulnerability

generalized biological vulnerability

tendency for a trait to be inherited, ex. anxiety

generalized psychological vulnerability

grow up with a belief that the world is dangerous and unpredictable and doubt one's own coping abilities

specific psychological vulnerability

physical sensations are potentially dangerous, learned through watching family members or other close experiences

process based therapy

empirically based processes of change, found functionally important to long term goals and outcomes

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Autonomic Restrictors

people with GAD, lower heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and respiration rate than people with other anxiety disorders

metacognition

secondary thoughts that are reflections on primary cognitions

panic disorder

anxiety disorder, unpredictable minutes-long episodes, intense dread, experiences terror and chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

introspective avoidance

avoidance of internal physical sensations

susto

a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic

ataque de nervios

a self-labeled syndrome found in Latinos in which they experience a mixture of anxiety, panic, depression, and anger

Kyol goeu

Wind overload, Khmer people of Cambodia,
wind cannot circulate properly through the body,
dizziness, weakness, fatigue and trembling, blood vessels burst

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

sleep terrors

frightening dreamlike experiences during deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep. No recollection following morning

isolated sleep paralysis

temporarily unable to move when transitioning from sleep to wake, accompanied by surge of terror and occasional hallucination

panic control treatment (PCT)

CBT for panic attacks, gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them