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Pre-Socratic philosophy
Sought to understand nature and perception, stressing importance of the non-observable.
Plato's view on the universe
The universe is something that has become, caused by a creator.
Perceptible things in Plato’s philosophy
Embodiments of ideals with form and material substance.
Idealism
Plato’s understanding that the physical universe reflects ideal forms.
Empiricism
Aristotle’s approach to knowledge based on sensory experience.
Hylomorphism
Aristotle's theory that material objects consist of matter and form.
Aristotle’s work, De Anima
Discusses the nature of the soul and its psychological processes.
Associationism
Aristotle's view of memory as a process of associations and connections.
Golden mean
Aristotle’s idea that virtue lies between two extremes of behavior.
Causal relationship in Aristotle's philosophy
Every change in perceptible things is caused by something.
Galen's contributions to medicine
Prominent Roman physician known for the humoral theory and early psychotherapy.
Stoicism
Philosophy advocating acceptance of fate and control of desires.
Neoplatonism
A philosophical system that merges Platonic ideas with religious thought.
Scholasticism
A medieval philosophical system focusing on reconciling faith and reason.
Thomas Aquinas
A philosopher who reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.
Roger Bacon
Philosopher associated with the early scientific method and optics.
Ockham's Razor
The principle of parsimony, suggesting the simplest explanation is preferred.
Renaissance flowering of individualism
Renewed focus on individual human experience and potential.
Inquisition
A series of institutions within the Catholic Church for suppressing heresy.
Gutenberg printing press innovation
Allowed widespread distribution of texts and fueled Reformation.
Erasmus' contributions
Textual analysis and critique of Church abuses with a call for reform.
Galileo’s conflict with the Church
Challenged the Church on cosmology, which led to his recantation.
Hippocratic Corpus
Writings attributed to Hippocrates emphasizing natural causes of illness.
Humoral theory
Health is determined by the balance of four bodily fluids.
Socratic method
A form of dialogue for teaching developed by Socrates.
Nativism
Belief that certain skills or abilities are innate and not acquired.
Platonic Idealism
Belief in a reality of ideal forms behind sensory experiences.
Empiricism vs Rationalism
Empiricism relies on sensory experience; Rationalism emphasizes reason.
Galileo’s contributions to science
Refined the telescope and altered views on the cosmos.
Baruch Spinoza’s Philosophy
Presented a monistic view combining mind and body within nature.
Leibniz’s Monadology
Theory that indivisible units (monads) exist in a pre-established harmony.
Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Moral principle that requires actions to be universally applicable.
John Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept
The mind at birth is a blank slate influenced by experience.
Hume's skepticism
Questions the certainty of knowledge, emphasizing experience.
Utilitarianism
Ethical theory centered on maximizing overall happiness.
Mary Wollstonecraft's arguments
Advocated for women's rights and against essentialist views.
Thomas Reid's Common Sense philosophy
Arguments based on intuitive beliefs about reality and perception.
Frances Bacon's Idols
Categories he described that impede human understanding.
James Mill's mechanistic view
Explained the mind through the principles of association and conditioning.
John Stuart Mill’s contributions
Developed ideas on liberty and the potential for a science of psychology.
Folk psychology in early literature
Embedded views of psychological states within religious and superstitious beliefs.
The Malleus Maleficarum
A text used to prosecute witchcraft, dividing parts focusing on devils and judicial procedures.
Psychology's historical emergence
Began as reflections on behavior and inner workings of the mind.
The development of trans-Atlantic slave trade justifications
Based on hierarchal theories of human classification.
Rationalism and Empiricism competition
Debates over the source and structure of knowledge since the 17th century.
Condillac's contributions to Empiricism
Focused on how the mind works and emphasized language in understanding.
David Hume’s view on self and causality
Argued against continuous self and questioned the basis of casual inference.
Thomas Hobbes on human nature
Described the need for strong governance in the state of nature.
Nature of the self according to Hume
Proposed that self is constructed from experiences and memories.
Psychology's early definitions and literature
Term used in various early manuscripts, primarily regarded as reflections on human nature.
The significance of dreams in empirical studies
Reflected shifting attitudes about psychological topics in rational investigation.
Influence of Renaissance humanism
Promoted individual agency and the importance of empirical inquiry.
Connection between empiricism and naturalism
Split of experience from spiritual interpretations in understanding knowledge.
Berkeley's criticism of materialism
Suggested reality is only through experience and perception.
Spinoza’s view of emotions
Emotions inform human existence and ethics promote rational existence.
Ptolemaic cosmology
Earth-centered model dominant before the Copernican revolution.
Aristotle on psychological processes
Identified memory, imagination, and reason as essential functions of the mind.
Causality in Hume's views
Disputed existence of necessary connection, viewing it as a habit of thought.
Romanticism’s emergence
Reaction against Enlightenment rationalism; valuing human emotion and nature.
The effect of printing on knowledge dissemination
Facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas and challenged church authority.
Ali's influence in medicine during Islamic Golden Age
Made significant contributions to mental health treatment and medical practice.
Dissection practices in the Renaissance
Refined understanding of anatomy and corrections to misbeliefs from earlier periods.
Shakespeare’s psychological insights
Portrayed complex human emotions and motivations through character development.
Influence of Christian theology on Renaissance thought
Merged ethics with natural philosophy, affecting views on human nature.