last exam 1 history psych study guide

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64 Terms

1

Pre-Socratic philosophy

Sought to understand nature and perception, stressing importance of the non-observable.

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2

Plato's view on the universe

The universe is something that has become, caused by a creator.

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3

Perceptible things in Plato’s philosophy

Embodiments of ideals with form and material substance.

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4

Idealism

Plato’s understanding that the physical universe reflects ideal forms.

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5

Empiricism

Aristotle’s approach to knowledge based on sensory experience.

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6

Hylomorphism

Aristotle's theory that material objects consist of matter and form.

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7

Aristotle’s work, De Anima

Discusses the nature of the soul and its psychological processes.

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8

Associationism

Aristotle's view of memory as a process of associations and connections.

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9

Golden mean

Aristotle’s idea that virtue lies between two extremes of behavior.

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10

Causal relationship in Aristotle's philosophy

Every change in perceptible things is caused by something.

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11

Galen's contributions to medicine

Prominent Roman physician known for the humoral theory and early psychotherapy.

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12

Stoicism

Philosophy advocating acceptance of fate and control of desires.

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13

Neoplatonism

A philosophical system that merges Platonic ideas with religious thought.

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14

Scholasticism

A medieval philosophical system focusing on reconciling faith and reason.

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15

Thomas Aquinas

A philosopher who reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.

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16

Roger Bacon

Philosopher associated with the early scientific method and optics.

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17

Ockham's Razor

The principle of parsimony, suggesting the simplest explanation is preferred.

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18

Renaissance flowering of individualism

Renewed focus on individual human experience and potential.

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19

Inquisition

A series of institutions within the Catholic Church for suppressing heresy.

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20

Gutenberg printing press innovation

Allowed widespread distribution of texts and fueled Reformation.

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21

Erasmus' contributions

Textual analysis and critique of Church abuses with a call for reform.

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22

Galileo’s conflict with the Church

Challenged the Church on cosmology, which led to his recantation.

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23

Hippocratic Corpus

Writings attributed to Hippocrates emphasizing natural causes of illness.

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24

Humoral theory

Health is determined by the balance of four bodily fluids.

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25

Socratic method

A form of dialogue for teaching developed by Socrates.

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26

Nativism

Belief that certain skills or abilities are innate and not acquired.

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27

Platonic Idealism

Belief in a reality of ideal forms behind sensory experiences.

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28

Empiricism vs Rationalism

Empiricism relies on sensory experience; Rationalism emphasizes reason.

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29

Galileo’s contributions to science

Refined the telescope and altered views on the cosmos.

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30

Baruch Spinoza’s Philosophy

Presented a monistic view combining mind and body within nature.

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31

Leibniz’s Monadology

Theory that indivisible units (monads) exist in a pre-established harmony.

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32

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Moral principle that requires actions to be universally applicable.

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33

John Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept

The mind at birth is a blank slate influenced by experience.

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34

Hume's skepticism

Questions the certainty of knowledge, emphasizing experience.

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35

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory centered on maximizing overall happiness.

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36

Mary Wollstonecraft's arguments

Advocated for women's rights and against essentialist views.

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37

Thomas Reid's Common Sense philosophy

Arguments based on intuitive beliefs about reality and perception.

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38

Frances Bacon's Idols

Categories he described that impede human understanding.

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39

James Mill's mechanistic view

Explained the mind through the principles of association and conditioning.

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40

John Stuart Mill’s contributions

Developed ideas on liberty and the potential for a science of psychology.

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41

Folk psychology in early literature

Embedded views of psychological states within religious and superstitious beliefs.

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42

The Malleus Maleficarum

A text used to prosecute witchcraft, dividing parts focusing on devils and judicial procedures.

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43

Psychology's historical emergence

Began as reflections on behavior and inner workings of the mind.

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44

The development of trans-Atlantic slave trade justifications

Based on hierarchal theories of human classification.

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45

Rationalism and Empiricism competition

Debates over the source and structure of knowledge since the 17th century.

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46

Condillac's contributions to Empiricism

Focused on how the mind works and emphasized language in understanding.

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47

David Hume’s view on self and causality

Argued against continuous self and questioned the basis of casual inference.

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48

Thomas Hobbes on human nature

Described the need for strong governance in the state of nature.

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49

Nature of the self according to Hume

Proposed that self is constructed from experiences and memories.

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50

Psychology's early definitions and literature

Term used in various early manuscripts, primarily regarded as reflections on human nature.

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51

The significance of dreams in empirical studies

Reflected shifting attitudes about psychological topics in rational investigation.

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52

Influence of Renaissance humanism

Promoted individual agency and the importance of empirical inquiry.

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53

Connection between empiricism and naturalism

Split of experience from spiritual interpretations in understanding knowledge.

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54

Berkeley's criticism of materialism

Suggested reality is only through experience and perception.

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55

Spinoza’s view of emotions

Emotions inform human existence and ethics promote rational existence.

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56

Ptolemaic cosmology

Earth-centered model dominant before the Copernican revolution.

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57

Aristotle on psychological processes

Identified memory, imagination, and reason as essential functions of the mind.

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58

Causality in Hume's views

Disputed existence of necessary connection, viewing it as a habit of thought.

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59

Romanticism’s emergence

Reaction against Enlightenment rationalism; valuing human emotion and nature.

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60

The effect of printing on knowledge dissemination

Facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas and challenged church authority.

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61

Ali's influence in medicine during Islamic Golden Age

Made significant contributions to mental health treatment and medical practice.

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62

Dissection practices in the Renaissance

Refined understanding of anatomy and corrections to misbeliefs from earlier periods.

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63

Shakespeare’s psychological insights

Portrayed complex human emotions and motivations through character development.

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64

Influence of Christian theology on Renaissance thought

Merged ethics with natural philosophy, affecting views on human nature.

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