last exam 1 history psych study guide

Pre-Socratic philosophy

Sought to understand nature and perception, stressing importance of the non-observable.

Plato's view on the universe

The universe is something that has become, caused by a creator.

Perceptible things in Plato’s philosophy

Embodiments of ideals with form and material substance.

Idealism

Plato’s understanding that the physical universe reflects ideal forms.

Empiricism

Aristotle’s approach to knowledge based on sensory experience.

Hylomorphism

Aristotle's theory that material objects consist of matter and form.

Aristotle’s work, De Anima

Discusses the nature of the soul and its psychological processes.

Associationism

Aristotle's view of memory as a process of associations and connections.

Golden mean

Aristotle’s idea that virtue lies between two extremes of behavior.

Causal relationship in Aristotle's philosophy

Every change in perceptible things is caused by something.

Galen's contributions to medicine

Prominent Roman physician known for the humoral theory and early psychotherapy.

Stoicism

Philosophy advocating acceptance of fate and control of desires.

Neoplatonism

A philosophical system that merges Platonic ideas with religious thought.

Scholasticism

A medieval philosophical system focusing on reconciling faith and reason.

Thomas Aquinas

A philosopher who reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.

Roger Bacon

Philosopher associated with the early scientific method and optics.

Ockham's Razor

The principle of parsimony, suggesting the simplest explanation is preferred.

Renaissance flowering of individualism

Renewed focus on individual human experience and potential.

Inquisition

A series of institutions within the Catholic Church for suppressing heresy.

Gutenberg printing press innovation

Allowed widespread distribution of texts and fueled Reformation.

Erasmus' contributions

Textual analysis and critique of Church abuses with a call for reform.

Galileo’s conflict with the Church

Challenged the Church on cosmology, which led to his recantation.

Hippocratic Corpus

Writings attributed to Hippocrates emphasizing natural causes of illness.

Humoral theory

Health is determined by the balance of four bodily fluids.

Socratic method

A form of dialogue for teaching developed by Socrates.

Nativism

Belief that certain skills or abilities are innate and not acquired.

Platonic Idealism

Belief in a reality of ideal forms behind sensory experiences.

Empiricism vs Rationalism

Empiricism relies on sensory experience; Rationalism emphasizes reason.

Galileo’s contributions to science

Refined the telescope and altered views on the cosmos.

Baruch Spinoza’s Philosophy

Presented a monistic view combining mind and body within nature.

Leibniz’s Monadology

Theory that indivisible units (monads) exist in a pre-established harmony.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Moral principle that requires actions to be universally applicable.

John Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept

The mind at birth is a blank slate influenced by experience.

Hume's skepticism

Questions the certainty of knowledge, emphasizing experience.

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory centered on maximizing overall happiness.

Mary Wollstonecraft's arguments

Advocated for women's rights and against essentialist views.

Thomas Reid's Common Sense philosophy

Arguments based on intuitive beliefs about reality and perception.

Frances Bacon's Idols

Categories he described that impede human understanding.

James Mill's mechanistic view

Explained the mind through the principles of association and conditioning.

John Stuart Mill’s contributions

Developed ideas on liberty and the potential for a science of psychology.

Folk psychology in early literature

Embedded views of psychological states within religious and superstitious beliefs.

The Malleus Maleficarum

A text used to prosecute witchcraft, dividing parts focusing on devils and judicial procedures.

Psychology's historical emergence

Began as reflections on behavior and inner workings of the mind.

The development of trans-Atlantic slave trade justifications

Based on hierarchal theories of human classification.

Rationalism and Empiricism competition

Debates over the source and structure of knowledge since the 17th century.

Condillac's contributions to Empiricism

Focused on how the mind works and emphasized language in understanding.

David Hume’s view on self and causality

Argued against continuous self and questioned the basis of casual inference.

Thomas Hobbes on human nature

Described the need for strong governance in the state of nature.

Nature of the self according to Hume

Proposed that self is constructed from experiences and memories.

Psychology's early definitions and literature

Term used in various early manuscripts, primarily regarded as reflections on human nature.

The significance of dreams in empirical studies

Reflected shifting attitudes about psychological topics in rational investigation.

Influence of Renaissance humanism

Promoted individual agency and the importance of empirical inquiry.

Connection between empiricism and naturalism

Split of experience from spiritual interpretations in understanding knowledge.

Berkeley's criticism of materialism

Suggested reality is only through experience and perception.

Spinoza’s view of emotions

Emotions inform human existence and ethics promote rational existence.

Ptolemaic cosmology

Earth-centered model dominant before the Copernican revolution.

Aristotle on psychological processes

Identified memory, imagination, and reason as essential functions of the mind.

Causality in Hume's views

Disputed existence of necessary connection, viewing it as a habit of thought.

Romanticism’s emergence

Reaction against Enlightenment rationalism; valuing human emotion and nature.

The effect of printing on knowledge dissemination

Facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas and challenged church authority.

Ali's influence in medicine during Islamic Golden Age

Made significant contributions to mental health treatment and medical practice.

Dissection practices in the Renaissance

Refined understanding of anatomy and corrections to misbeliefs from earlier periods.

Shakespeare’s psychological insights

Portrayed complex human emotions and motivations through character development.

Influence of Christian theology on Renaissance thought

Merged ethics with natural philosophy, affecting views on human nature.