FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

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FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

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The individual

In the Medical Model of disability, who or what is considered the 'problem' that needs to change?

True

True or False:

The Social Model of disability posits that society disables people by designing environments for the majority.

Impairment

According to the WHO, what is the term for any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function?

Handicap

A disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that prevents the fulfillment of a normal role.

Social Oppression

Medical Model : Personal Tragedy

Social Model : _____.

Era of Extermination (Ancient Times)

Which historical era (up to 400 BC) was characterized by infanticide and the pursuit of physical perfection?

That PWDs were not among those chosen by God to be saved

During the Medieval Period, what was the 'Notion of Predestination' preached by John Calvin regarding PWDs?

Era of Asylum (Renaissance Period)

In which historical era (17th Century) were PWDs treated as objects to be experimented on in locked facilities?

Jean Marc Gaspard-Itard

Who was one of the earliest teachers to argue that special teaching methods could educate disabled children, specifically teaching 'Victor'?

Eduard Seguin

Which 19th-century educator focused on sensory and motor training for individuals with intellectual disabilities?

1907

In what year was the Insular School for the Deaf and Blind established in the Philippines?

RA 7277

What is the Philippine law known as the 'Magna Carta for the Disabled' passed in 1992?

Salamanca Statement

The 1994 international document that specifically addressed the education of children with disabilities is called the _____.

RA 10533

What Philippine law passed in 2013 is known as the Enhanced Basic Education Act?

Mainstreaming

Categorize the practice of educating students with learning challenges in regular classes during specific time-periods based on skills.

Integration requires the student to fit into the existing system, while Inclusion adapts the system to the student.

How does 'Integration' differ from 'Inclusion' in educational settings?

Accommodations

Which term refers to changes in how a learner learns the material without changing the content or expectations?

Modifications

Which term refers to changes in what a student is expected to learn, often used for gifted students or severe disabilities?

• Content

• Process

• Product

• Learning Environment

According to Tomlinson, what are the four areas where a teacher can differentiate instruction?

• Engagement

• Representation

• Action and Expression

What are the three core principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?

Emotional and Behavioral Disorder (EBD)

Under IDEA, an inability to learn that cannot be explained by sensory or health factors and lasts a long time is defined as a/an _____.

Externalizing Behaviors

Are noncompliance, aggression, and verbal abuse considered externalizing or internalizing behaviors?

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Which neurodevelopmental condition is characterized by inattention, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

According to IDEA, what developmental disability affects verbal/nonverbal communication and social interaction, usually evident before age three?

Asperger’s disorder

Which category of ASD is considered the mildest form?

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

What type of assessment involves analyzing why a student engages in a specific problem behavior to develop an intervention?

Gifted Learners

According to Piirto (1999), what term describes learners with superior memory, curiosity, and the ability to learn rapidly with minimal drill?

• Above Average Ability

• Creativity

• Task Commitment

What are the three components of Renzulli’s Three-Ring Concept of Giftedness?

The Underground

Which type of gifted learner wants to hide their abilities to better fit in with peers?

Acceleration

A gifted student is allowed to skip a grade to match their academic level. This is an example of which educational approach?

Enrichment

A student investigates a topic of interest in greater depth through a project-based activity. This is an example of _____.

70 or less (approximately 2 standard deviations below the mean)

What is the IQ score threshold for a diagnosis of Intellectual Disability?

Before the age of 18

By what age must limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning originate to be classified as an Intellectual Disability?

Moderate Intellectual Disability

Match the IQ range 35-40 to 50-55 with its ID classification

Down Syndrome

Which biomedical cause of ID is characterized by a chromosomal abnormality where the 21st set is a triplet?

True

True or False:

Environmental causes, such as poverty and neglect, account for 85% to 90% of all people with intellectual disabilities.

• Conceptual

• Social

• Practical skills

What are the three types of adaptive skills assessed for Intellectual Disability?

Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)

The formative assessment method that provides information on student learning as instruction takes place over time is called _____.

Discrepancy

Specific Learning Disabilities are characterized by a severe _____ between intellectual ability and academic achievement.

Dyslexia

What is the term for a learning disability specifically affecting reading, including word recognition and decoding?

Dysgraphia

A learning disability in writing involving physical word formation or organizing thoughts on paper.

Mathematics

Dyslexia : Reading

Dyscalculia : _____.

Dyspraxia

Which term describes a learning disability in motor skills, affecting movement and coordination?

Deafness is a severe impairment in processing linguistic information through hearing, while hearing loss can be permanent or fluctuating.

What is the difference between 'Deafness' and 'Hearing Loss' according to IDEA?

Sensorineural hearing loss

A hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve is called _____.

Conductive hearing impairment

Which type of hearing loss involves problems in the transmission of sound vibrations through the outer or middle ear?

Prelingual hearing loss

The hearing loss occurred before the development of spoken language.

Speechreading

Which educational approach for the deaf emphasizes observing lip movements and facial expressions?

American Sign Language (ASL)

A visual-spatial language using hand shapes, movements, and facial expressions to communicate.

Visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with corrective lenses.

According to the Social Security Administration, what is the definition of 'Legal Blindness' regarding visual acuity?

Low vision

A person who uses vision as their primary means of learning but supplements it with tactile and auditory input has _____.

Refractive Errors

Categorize 'Myopia' and 'Hyperopia' as types of visual impairments.

Near-sightedness

What is the common term for 'Myopia'?

Glaucoma

Which visual condition involves abnormally high pressure within the eye that damages the optic nerve?

Braille

What is the primary tactile system of reading and writing for people who are blind?

Orientation is knowing where you are;

Mobility is moving safely from one point to another.

In the context of visual impairment, what is the difference between 'Orientation' and 'Mobility'?

Cranmer Abacus

A device adapted to assist blind students in learning number concepts and making calculations.

False (This describes the Social Model)

True or False:

According to the Medical Model, disability is understood as an unequal relationship within a society.

Medieval Period

Which historical period was known as the 'Era of Ridicule'?

Integration

The practice of placing students with disabilities in mainstream institutions without adaptation, requiring the student to 'fit in,' is called _____.

Task Analysis

Breaking down complex knowledge or skills into smaller, teachable steps.

Proclamation 480

Which law declares 1990-1999 as the 'Decade of Education for All' in the Philippines?

Explicit Instructional Strategy (Self-regulation)

Is a 'Self-monitoring checklist' an example of an accommodation or an explicit instructional strategy for writing?

Residual Hearing

The ability to hear some sounds even if a hearing loss exists.

Meningitis

Which condition is a leading cause of post-lingual hearing loss involving infection of the central nervous system?

Cataract

Which visual impairment involves a cloudiness in the lens that blocks light?

Nystagmus

Rapid, involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eyes.

6 months

The '1-3-6' model for hearing refers to screening by 1 month, diagnosis by 3 months, and enrollment in intervention by _____.

Why (motivation)

In UDL, providing 'Multiple means of Engagement' aims to address the _____ of learning.

Social problem

In the Renaissance period, PWDs were seen as a _____ and a public burden if they could not be cured.

Measuring visual acuity

What is the 'Snellen Eye Chart' used for?

Handling groups/Initiating tasks

Cognitive Giftedness : Puzzles/Questions

Leadership Giftedness : _____.

The Challenging

Which type of gifted learner is likely to question authority and may not be identified in school programs?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A condition where a child lacks the enzyme to break down an amino acid, which can lead to ID if untreated.

Conceptual Skills

Categorize 'using money' and 'telling time' as adaptive behavior types.

False

True or False:

An IQ score should be the sole basis for diagnosing an intellectual disability.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

A condition caused by a mother's excessive alcohol use during pregnancy, resulting in toxic effects on the fetus.

Learning Disability

Which term describes a disorder in using spoken or written language that impairs the ability to listen, think, speak, or spell?

Aphasia

A learning disability involving the ability to understand or produce spoken language.

Optical Device

Is the use of 'magnifiers' considered an optical device or an assistive technology software?

Strabismus

An imbalance of eye muscles causing an inward or outward deviation of the eyes (inability to focus both eyes on one object).

Oral / aural

The _____ approach to hearing focuses on auditory learning and speechreading.

Sonic pathfinder

Which device is a flashlight-sized tool that uses ultrasound to detect obstacles for blind travelers?

Accelerating the pace by removing redundant material the student has already mastered.

What is the purpose of 'Curriculum Compacting' in gifted education?

Internalizing Behavior

Is 'Bipolar Disorder' categorized as an externalizing or internalizing behavior?

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic condition caused by a deletion on chromosome 15, resulting in floppy muscles and potential ID.

False (generally evident before age three)

True or False:

Autism is generally evident after age ten.

Total Communication

An educational approach using a variety of methods like sign language, fingerspelling, and speech.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

Which document is a written statement for each child with a disability that includes academic achievement and functional performance levels?

RA 8371

What Philippine law is known as the 'Indigenous People’s Rights Act' (1997)?

After language

Prelingual : Before language

Postlingual : _____.

Astigmatism

Distorted vision caused by irregularities in the cornea or lens surface.

Process

Activities in which the student engages to master the content.

Medieval Period

Which era of disability history saw the rise of Christianity leading to the establishment of orphanages and hospitals?

Williams Syndrome

A condition caused by the deletion of material on the seventh chromosome, with cognitive levels ranging from normal to moderate ID.

False (It is often categorized under Other Health Impairment or EBD depending on the manifestion)

True or False:

According to IDEA, ADHD is a category under Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Practical Skills

Categorize 'using the phone' and 'food preparation' as adaptive behavior types.

Auditory Brain-stem Response

A method used to screen infants for hearing loss.

Representation

A teacher uses a variety of resources like videos, text, and hands-on models to present a lesson. Which UDL principle is being applied?