chapter 6 - CHURCH HISTORY (methvin)

when does the pope call a council?

when there is an issue with the doctrine

what were the 2 main goals of the council of trent?

1. renewal of clergy and religious life

2. correcting the reformer errors made on Church Doctrine (sola scriptura, sola gratia, sola fide)

magisterium

the bishops in communion with the pope who are the living, teaching office of the Church

what does the magisterium authentically interpret?

the word of God in forms of sacred scripture and tradition

what did the council of trent do for the priests' clothes?

made all of them wear special clothing to differentiate themselves from everyone else as a reminder to the people of who they were

what did the council of trent clarify?

church doctrine

what 2 things did the council of trent reaffirm?

- priestly celibacy

- all 7 sacraments

what did the council of trent teach regarding the eucharistic species?

taught that the Lord is present whole and entire for as long as both eucharistic species subsist

what was officially written during the council of trent?

catechism of the council of trent

(first written record of faith)

what did the council of trent determine regarding the bishops' living areas?

the bishop had to reside in the parish that they were serving in

what did the council of trent teach regarding mass and holy orders?

- mass is a true sacrifice

- holy orders passes powers to priests

what did the council of trent affirm regarding the sacrament of penance?

it is the only means to obtain forgiveness of mortal sins committed after Baptism

eucharistic species

the real presence of Jesus' precious body and blood accompanied by the fullness of his soul and divinity, after the bread and wine have been consecrated by the priest at Mass

what was the purpose of the council of trent?

to answer theological and philosophical questions raised by the protestant reformation

why does "mass" only occur at Catholic Churches?

because "mass" is the passion of Christ (the Eucharist), which only occurs at Catholic Churches

who said there was a need for a council (the council of trent)?

pope paul III

how long did the council of trent take to open from the time it was approved?

about 8 years

(may 1537 --> december 1545)

what caused the council of trent to stall in the fall of 1549?

war, national strife, and epidemics

did martin luther ever attend the council of trent?

no, he died before it occured

who broke up the council of trent in 1551?

pope julius III

who convened the council of trent for the final time from janurary 1562-december 1563?

pope pius IV

what 3 things did the council of trent address during their decisions?

- simony

- indulgences

- issues relating to the clergy

what did the council of trent limit?

the sales of church positions and indulgences

what did the council of trent determine regarding the seminary?

members of the clergy should receive a seminary education that lasted many years

what did the council of trent call for regarding artwork?

they called for more religious art to be produced

why was it so important that the council of trent provide seminaries quality education?

because the education that the priests had received differed depending on where they learned it, so they were all teaching different things

what 10 things did the council of trent confirm/change/add in the doctrine?

- on the creed

- on scripture

- on original sin

- on justification

- on the sacraments

- on the eucharist

- on the mass

- on the priesthood

- on the founding of seminaries

- on marriage

on the creed

further confirmed the nicene creed

on scripture

confirmed that deuterocanonical books were part of the canon

what was "on scriptura" written in response to?

Luther's beliefs that the deuterocanonical books were apocrypha

what confirmed "on scriptura" as authoritative text?

the vulgate

does the protestant bible have an apocrypha?

no

on original sin

further confirmed Baptism's remittance of Original Sin

on justification

justification is affected through God's grace and granted at Baptism --> saved through grace NOT merit

On the Sacraments

affirmed that there were 7 sacraments

what was "on the sacraments" in response to?

Luther's claim that only Baptism and the Eucharist were valid sacraments

on the eucharist

affirmed transubstantiation and that Christ is TRULY present in the Eucharist (not just a symbol)

on the mass

mass is a sacrifice / a memorial of Christ's Passover and makes present Christ's sacrifice

on the priesthood

upheld celibacy for priests and defined the Sacrament of Holy Orders as an inedible mark on the soul of the ordained

what does "an indelible mark on the soul of the ordained" mean?

that a priest will ALWAYS be a priest even if they leave the Church

on the founding of seminaries

acknowledged the importance of a well-educated clergy

what did "on the founding of seminaries" require?

diocese around the world to establish seminaries to train clergy

on marriage

a marriage must be witnessed by a priest and TWO other witnesses

why have modern historians debated over the significance of the Council of Trent?

it didn't reunify the protestants with the church

(they're not sure if it relates to the overall success of the Catholic Reformation since the 2 didn't come together)

what do most historians agree that the council of trent increased?

the power of the papacy

what are the 5 main texts that came out of the council of trent?

- roman breviary

- roman missal

- interior castle

- dark night of the soul

- introduction to the devout life

who wrote the roman catechism?

pope pius V

what did the roman catechism require publication of?

the roman breviary and the roman missal

what did st. theresa of avila write?

The Interior Castle

what did st. john of the cross write?

dark night of the soul

what did st. francis de sales write?

Introduction to the Devout Life

what was a big focus of the writers from the period of the council of trent?

protestants --> wanted to speak to them and bring them back to the church

what is a roman missal?

a book of prayers and blessings the priest recites/does during the Mass

what do the words in black indicate in the roman missal? words in red?

black: what the priest says

red: what the priest does

what is the missalette?

a smaller pew missal for worshippers to use to follow the readings and prayers during the Mass

when was the roman missal published?

after the council of trent

when was the english translation of the roman missal officially completed?

in 2011

who ruled germany during the 30 years war?

house of habsburg

who supported the house of habsburg?

the emperor of Austria and the king of Spain

who did the habsburg family's enemies join forces with?

the protestants

who was a major enemy of the hapsburg family?

the french

why did the 30 years war involve the civil war?

the german princes were frequently switching sides

what religion was the habsburg family?

catholic

what started the 30 years war?

the 3rd definistration

what percentage of germany did the 30 years war kill?

about 50%

what was the most barbaric war in europe during the 1600s?

30 years war

who oversaw french policy at the time when victory seemed possible during the 30 years war?

cardinal richeilieu and cardinal mazarin

why were cardinal richeilieu and cardinal mazarin not fully living out their vocation?

because they were more interested in the national interests instead of the Catholic identity

baroque

artistic movement/dramatic style in art, architecture, and music that sought to emphasize the truth of Catholic doctrine through direct emotional connection

why did art start becoming a thing originally?

because it told the story of Jesus' life to those who couldn't read

what was the baroque style meant to set the catholic churches apart from?

the protestant ones

what language was tridentine mass in?

latin

what was a requirement for the priests at tridentine mass for the liturgy of the eucharist?

they had to face east

what did the priests have to adhere to in tridentine mass?

the rubrics regarding their movements with the Mass

what type of prayer was there in the tidentine masses?

silent

(less vocal interaction)

what was st. francis de sales a bishop of?

geneva

how did st. francis de sales win back catholics?

by preaching

what does the Introduction to the Devout Life explain?

the importance of the sacraments

what order did st. francis de sales find?

the Order of the Visitation

what type of memory did st. francis de sales have? how did he use this to his advantage?

- idetic memory

- he would get people to go back to church using "bar tricks"

what order did st. jane frances de chantal find?

the Order of the Visitation of Mary

what is the Order of the Visitation of Mary typically associated with?

the Order of the Visitation

who inspired st. jane frances de chantal? how did this person inspire her?

- st. francis de sales

- he was preaching

where did st. peter cansius travel? why?

- europe, especially Germany

- to promote Catholic reforms

who attended most of the Council of Trent?

st. peter cansius

what did st. peter cansius find? what did he publish?

- founded: universities

- published: several catechisms

how did st. ignatius of loyola begin to read about saints francis and dominic?

he was a soldier that got seriously injured, so he read to pass the time away

what was God calling st. ignatius of loyola to?

a devoted life to Him

what did st. ignatius of loyola organize with 6 other students at the University of Paris to do?

form a religious fraternity

what is another name for Ignatian Spirituality?

the Examen

who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)?

st. ignatius of loyola

what did the jesuits contribute to? how?

- contributed: Church's reform

- emphasized the importance of education to the clergy and laity

what did the jesuits find? what did they contribute to?

founded: countless universities, seminaries, and schools

contributed: the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius

what was the primary focus of the jesuits?

education

what was charles borromeo the archbishop of?

milan

what was st. charles borromeo responsible for?

many reforms during the counter-reformation

what did st. charles borromeo establish?

many seminaries for priests

what did st. charles borromeo find?

Confraternity of Christian Doctrine

what were st. robert bellarmine's positions?

italian jesuit and cardinal

who did st. robert bellarmine put into effect at the council of trent? what did he write about?

- reforms

- the residence of bishops in their diocese