Exam 2 Biochem Structures

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A DNA

DNA:RNA hybrida and RNA:RNA hybrids

11 bp per turn

right-handed helix

short and squat compared to B DNA

B DNA

polynucleotide strands are antiparallel

bases in opposing strands are complementary

10 bp per turn

helix coils clockwise- right handed

major and minor grooves

Z DNA

left handed helix

12 bp per turn

thin and elongated compared to B DNA

can occur next to A or B form in DNA

forms with alternating G-C residues

5 nitrogenous bases

oxynucleic acids

C2 has OH group

deoxynucleic acids

C2 has H group

anti base orientation

favored

syn base orientation

diastereomers

stereoisomers, or molecules with the same chemical formula and connectivity but different spatial arrangements, that are not mirror images of each other

epimers

diastereomers that differ only at 1 chiral center

alpha anomers

C1 and C6 are opposite direction

beta anomers

C1 and C6 are same direction

sugar alcohols

mild reduction of an aldehye or ketone to an alcohol

add itol to parent sugar name

reducing disaccharides

end of molecule with free anomeric carbon

nonreducing disaccharides

other end of the molecule

glycosidic linkages

a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (monosaccharide) to another group, which can be another carbohydrate, forming a disaccharide or polysaccharide, or another molecule

aldose

C double bond O at C1

ketose

C double bond O at C2

pentose

ring of 5 Cs

hexose

ring of 6 Cs

D-glucose

D-ribose

D-galatose

D-fructose

D-glyceraldehyde

saturated fatty acids

single bonds

arachidonic acid

20:4 delta 5,8,11,14

cis

unsaturated fatty acid

bile salt

net charge -1

cholesterol

steroid

terpene based

animal cell membranes

lipoprotein complexes in blood 

net charge 0

covalently attached to proteins to anchor themselves to the membrane

digylceride

diterpene

20 carbons

myrisitic acid

14:0

saturated

covalently attached to proteins to anchor themselves to the membrane

phosphatidic acid

the parent compound

glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate

fatty acid on C-1 is saturated

fatty acid on C-2 is unsaturated or saturated

phosphatidyl choline

most common phospholipid

uncharged at pH 7

increases membrane fluidity

phosphatidyl ethanolamine

uncharged at pH 7

most common lipid in the cell membrane of a red blood cell (erythrocyte)

phosphatidyl inositol

net charge -1

phosphatidyl serine

net charge -1

polyprenol

long chain polyisoprenoids plus terminal alcohol

glycoprotein and vitamin synthesis

sphingomyelin

~85% of all sphingolipids in man

nervous system and red blood cells

second most common lipid in plasma membrane

has a phosphocholine group

uncharged at pH 7

sphinogsine

18C amino alcohol

trans config of C4=C5 

count carbons from hydroxyl

net charge +1

tetraterpene

40 carbons

triglyceride

simple: all 3 fatty acids the same

mixed: not all fatty acids

triterpene

30 carbons

sugar acids

oxidation at C1 position of sugar

oxidation at C6 position of sugar

Oxidation at C1 and C6 position of sugar

aldehyde that is a reducing sugar becomes oxidized

deoxysugars

one or more hydroxyl groups on sugar molecules are replaced by H

amino sugars

amino group at C2 position

unsaturated fatty acids

from 1 to 4 double bonds

naturally occurring have cis conformation

synthetic fatty acids have trans conformation

palmitic acid

16:0

saturated

covalently attached to proteins to anchor themselves to the membrane

stearic acid

18:0

saturated

ceramide

sphinogsine and fatty acid via amide linkage

Terpene

simple lipids with no fatty acid components

composed of 2 or more isoprene (C5) units

straight chains or cyclic molecules