HST 121 Module 1 Key Terms: Indigenous American and European Colonization

Bacon’s Rebellion

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt against Virginia governor William Berkeley’s administration due to complains that the governor had not adequately protected settlers from Native raids nor did not allow them to occupy Native land

Black Legend

Unfavorable view of cruel treatment of Native Americans by the Spanish used by European rivals to diminish the reputation of Spain

Cash crop

A plant grown by a farmer for sale rather than for personal use

Charter colony

Type of colony in which the crown established rules, but was self-governed (government officials elected by the colonial community)

Chattel slavery

System of enslavement where the enslaved person is considered the legal property of the owner and can be bought, sold, and owned forever

Chesapeake Colonies

This region was named for major waterway in which the colonies formed around

Christopher Columbus

His voyages financed by Spain started waves of European exploration and colonization of the Western Hemisphere

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the western and eastern hemispheres

Consumer Revolution

Era in which colonists experienced an increased opportunity to purchase luxurious and common goods; one’s status became tied to their ability to spend money on these items

Dominion of New England

This was the consolidation of the colonies of MA, RI, CT, NH, NY, NJ into a single colony by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; later was reverted back to individual colonial governments in 1689

Glorious Revolution

In 1688 this event was when English officials led a fairly bloodless coup of King James II by offering the throne to his daughter Mary and her husband William

Indentured servant

A person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance

Jamestown

Site of the first permanent English settlement in North America; initially settled in 1607

John Rolfe

After he arrived in 1610, his introduction of a cash crop helped Jamestown thrive

John Smith

Leader of the Jamestown colony who helped it survive in the first few years

Joint-stock company

Business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commercial trading activity and funding for sustaining colonies with the aim of making profits for all investors

King Philips War

Armed conflict in 1675-1676 that pitted Native Americans against English settles and their Native allies that was one of the bloodies conflicts in U.S. history and effectively ended Native American power in New England

Lord Baltimore

He founded the colony of Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics but allowed the religious freedom of all

Massasoit

He was the leader of the Wampanoag tribe

Mayflower Compact

An agreement among the pilgrims aboard the ship that brought them across the Atlantic in 1620 to create a civil government at Plymouth Colony

Mercantilism

An economic system in which policies of imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies aimed to benefit the mother country

Metacomet

He was sachem of the Wampanoag tribe, son of Massasoit, and the leader of Native forces during King Phillip’s War

Middle colonies

This region considered the “breadbasket” of the colonies was named for its geographic location in comparison to the first two colonial regions developed before it

Middle passage

Aboard slave ships, captured slaves were forced to endure dehumanizing conditions as European slaves transported millions of Africans across the ocean in a terrifying journey known as this

Navigation Acts

Series of laws passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1660-1775; enforcement contributed to growing resentment by colonist

New Amsterdam

The Dutch created this colony on Manhattan Island after “purchasing” the land from the Muree tribe

New England colonies

This region was named by the first settlers in honor of their homeland after accidentally landing here after bieng blown course

New France

Fur traders were some of the few settlers that moved to this colony

Pequot War

First major armed conflict between 1636-1638 between a powerful local tribe and an alliance

Pilgrims

These Puritan Separatists sailed to North America in hopes of creating their own religious community and landed in cape Cod in 1620

Plymouth Colony

The site of the second permanent English settlement in north America; initially settled in 1620

Pocahontas

Young Powhatan woman who helped secure a short-lived cooperation with the English settlers

Powhatan

Powerful native American confederacy-controlled territory throughout the Chesapeake when the first permanent English settlement was established in their land

Proprietary colony

Type of colony in which territories granted by the crown to one person or group who had full governing rights therefore that person selected major government officials

Puritans

Members of a group that wanted dot eliminate all traces of roman cathol9ic ritual and traditions in the church of England

Quakers

Called the Society of Friends, this religious group in England and America believed all persons possessed the “inner light” or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for woman

Roger Williams

He was banished from Massachusetts for declaring that the English had no claim to the land unless purchased form the Native Americans, and believed in separation between church and state; founded Providence, Rhode Island

Royal colony

Type of colony in which major government officials were appointed by the crown

Salem Witch Trials

Between 1692-1693, a series of trials in which nearly 200 innocents, mostly women, people were accused of witchcraft and led to the hanging of 10: due to mass hysteria over unexplained 9illness

Salutary neglect

An unofficial British policy where parliamentary rules and laws, like the Navigation Acts, were loosely or not enforced on the American colonies and trade

Samoset and Squanto

These men served as interpreters and go-between for the Pilgrim’s and Wampanoag

Separatist

Extreme religious group that believed the church of England was not the true church thus believed in the need to break away and establish own Christian sect

Settler colonialism

Where colonist and/or conquers move into new territory or land and seek to replace native territory

Slave codes

Series of laws passed during the Colonial Era to pretec the interests of slaveholders and further solidified slavery as race-based thereby increasing the spread of racial intolerance among whites

Smallpox

This disease ravaged indigenous populations throughout the Western Hemisphere

Southern Colonies

This region was named for its geographic location in coparison to other colonies but also its hot and humid cliamte

Starving time

During the winter of 1609-1610 the settlers of Jamestown went through this desperate time leading to the death of all but 60 settlers

Stono Rebellion

This was the largest slave insurrection in British happened in Sept. 1739 as 80 persons headed to Spanish Florida but were defeated and many executed

Tabacco

Cash crop that was the salvation of Jamestown

Trans-Atlantic Trade

The “triangular trade” system shipping resources, goods, and people between Western Europe, West Africa, and the American colonies

Virginia Company

King James I granted a charter to this organization giving them all the lands stretching from present-day North Carolina to southern New York. The organization and region were named for Queen Elizabeth I

Virginia House of Burgesses

In 1619, Jamestown created this, the first limited representation body in British north America

Wampanoag

Native American tribe, located in what was later called new England, helped the pilgrims survive

William Penn

He founded the colony of Pennsylvania based on the Quaker principles of equality, cooperation, and religious toleration