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Event that was the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages
The Fall Of Rome
Reason for development of Feudalism
People needed protection
________ made up the largest part of the population in feudal society
Peasants
Role of the RCC during the Middle Ages
A huge role. The church was considered independent. It provided education, helped the poor and sick, etc.
How the crusades affected the world / results
Education increased, Power for kings increased and power for lords decreased, Middle class grew, Trading flourished.
Reactions / results of the Black Death
Reactions: People thought it may be a punishment from God, People blamed another religion, like the Jews, had poisoned the wells.
Results: Millions died and Europe faced a labor shortage, production declined and food shortages were common.
How many crusades
8
What helped give rise to the middle class
Incentives to fight in a crusade
Cause: Arguments over access to the Holy Lands. If they died on a crusade they believed they'd get a free pass to heaven.
Cause of the Hundred Year War
It began when Edward III invaded Flanders in 1337 in order to assert his claim to the French crown. This war was between England and France, the French won. Joan of Arc helped the French.
Results of Hundred Years War
French became the most powerful
Common Law (Established by who?)
Common Law was established by Henry II.
Magna Carta
a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.
How does William the Conqueror change feudalism in England
he gave large areas of land to noblemen, including the clergy , lords and barons , in return for them raising him money and an army.
Da Vinci
Mainly an artist, engineer, scientist, sculpture, and architect. Painted Mona Lisa.
Patron
a wealthy or influential supporter of an artist or writer
Florence
Birthplace of the Renaissance
Raphael
painted the last supper, Italian painter
Michelangelo
painted the Sistine Chapel, Italian artist
Rome
Primary focal point of Renaissance
Perspective
Technique used in Renaissance art to make it appear 3 dimensional.
Humanism/ what it emphasizes as important
Intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance. Emphasizes the individually of humans, human values, dignity, knowledge, etc.
Printing Press/3 effects
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg. Effects: more copies of books, spread of ideas, and reading became more accessible.
Rebirth
translation of Renaissance in French and English
King Henry VIII
Painted the last supper. Reformation, he broke away from the Catholic church creating The Anglican Church.
Petrarch
Father of Humanism
Gutenberg
Invented the printing press.
Martin Luther
Lutheran, wrote the 95 theses, a publication criticizing the Catholic Church.
Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince, a book on how to acquire power and keep it.
The Prince
a book on how to acquire power and keep it.
School of Athens
Painting by Raphael
Protestant Reformation (2 effects)
Literacy rates improved dramatically as Protestants were encouraged to read the Bible for themselves, and education became a higher priority.
Henry VIII (why started own religion, what is it called)
The pope would not annul his marriage to catherine of aragon, he started anglicanism
Secular
Worldy, Non religious
Clergy
Workers of the church
Vernacular
everyday language
Shakespeare
A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century. He contributed to the renaissance by creating a new style of writing plays.
Last Supper
A painting by Italian artist Leonardo Da Vinci. The painting showed Jesus telling his apostles that one of them will betray him.
Sistine Chapel
A painting on the ceiling of a church by Michelangelo
Romeo and Juliet
One of 7 plays Shakespeare set in the Italian Renaissance.
95 Theses
Book written by Martin Luther. Helped push start to the protestant reformation. Speaks about how someone can only reach salvation by their faith rather than their deeds.
Reformation/cause/effects
Cause: Henry the 8th quest for a male heir Effect: Improved training and education for some roman Catholic Priests.
Inquisition/where started
A group of institutions within the catholic church to combat heresy, treachery, and traitors. Started in the 12th century in the kingdom of France.
Indulgences
Temporal punishment for sins that have already been forgiven is taken from a sinner.
Counter Reformation/purpose
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestantism challenge. Solidified the original doctrine and purpose of the church. It was combat the protestant reformation.
Council of Trent
Council of the catholic church that held a series of meeting to address the Protestantism threat to the church.
Italy/political organization
Medici
A family that ran Italy through banks
Calvin
John Calvin. Started the movement, Calvinism
Knox
A Scottish minister and a writer. Leader of the Scottish reformation.
Huguenots
French Protestants
Black death/ where recovered Jesuits/ who recovered first
Anabaptist
A faith stream within Christianity.
Ignatius of Loyola
A Spanish catholic priest. Founded the religious order of the society of Jesus. One of the most known figures in the counter reformation.
Puritans what they wanted to reform
They believed that civil authorities should enforce religion.
Catholic response to Luther
The Holy Roman Empire would condemn him an outlaw, the Catholic Church would brand him a heretic.
Peace of Augsburg/parts
-A temporary settlement of religious conflict in The Holy Roman Empire. -Established the principle of Cuius Regio. -Established the principle of reservatum ecclesiasticum -Laid the legal groundwork for religious confessions
Who supported Luther/why
-nobles and many princes -they called them protestants -many people liked him for selfish reasons -to assert their independence from Charles the 5th
RCC Response to luther
They banned his books and excommunicated him
Peace of Westphalia/ parts
30 years war/who/why/effects
Catholics vs Protestant states.
Act of supremacy
2 acts passed by the parliment of England that established the English monarchs
Presbyterianism/where
-the system of church government by representative assemblies called presbyteries, in opposition to government by bishops -Belonging or relating to Protestant Church -Scotland could also be Switzerland
Jesuits/where
an apostolic religious community called the Society of Jesus. Where: France -succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism.
Calvinists/where
People who believed someone who sought to purify the church in the late 16th century. John Calvin created this religion.
Pope Paul III
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Francis Bacon Who/what were they known for
Researched and Discovered nature/sceintific method
Isaac Newton Who/what were they known for
was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author. Known for laws of gravity and motion.
Copernicus Who/what were they known for
Wrote book about planets revolving around the sun Went against church ideas Transformed the world of science
Galileo Who/what were they known for
was a natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician. Known for the Telescope and scientific method.
Kepler Who/what were they known for
was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. Known for Planetary motion
Guttenberg Who/what were they known for
was a German inventor and craftsman. Known for inventing the printing press.
Descartes Who/what were they known for
René Descartes was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. connect math and geometry.
Magellan Who/Where did they explore/what did they do to contribute to exploration
from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world
Columbus Who/Where did they explore/what did they do to contribute to exploration
An Italian Navigator Wanted to reach the east indies Explored the Americas under the flag of Spain. revealed two continents new to Europeans and initiated a period of rapid colonization, exploration, and exploitation in the Americas. Wanted to convert more people into Christianity
Prince Henry the Navigator Who/Where did they explore/what did they do to contribute to exploration
Country: Portugal Year(s): 1415-1460 Contribution: Gathered Scientists,cartographers, map makes, ship makers...redisgned ships and trained captains...sent ships to explore the continent of Africa started the movement to find a direct route to India in Asia
Vasco de Gama Who/Where did they explore/what did they do to contribute to exploration
Country: Portugal year(s): 1497 Contribution: Went around Africa and reached India; he was the first European to directly reach India by boat.
Pizarro Who/Where did they explore/what did they do to contribute to exploration
-down the west coast of South America. -led a brutal and bloody campaign to conquer and subjugate the Inca empire.
English/Dutch joint stock companies/define
Effect of Portuguese exploration on trade (think monopoly)
Columbian Exchange/define/what was exchanged
Global swapping of goods, ideas, plants, animals, and disease
African Slave Trade/why established
It was when slaves would be traded and shipped off. It was established because it was a cheap way of labor.
Triangular Trade
linked Europe, Africa, and Americas
Approx number of slaves brought to new world
10 million
Mercantilism
An economic policy aimed at strengthening national economies by acquiring silver and gold.
Effects of slavery in New World (3)
-labor demands increased
Native Americans/# died/why?
Native Americans weren't use to the disease the Europeans were. They weren't immune.
Growth of Population in Europe as a result...why?
Capitalism
An economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
The early system of government in the middle ages before feudalism…. was called
manoralism
under feudalism the richest lords were called
lords
Note 
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