gross anatomy thorax

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what is the thorax

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what is the thorax

the area between the neck and abdomen. includes the thoracic cavity and the structures within

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what structures does the thorax contain

-the rib cage, thoracic vertebrae and its floor, and the diaphragm

-the primary organs of the respiratory and cardiovascular system

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what is the thorax divided into

a central mediastinum, right and left pulmonary cavities

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what makes up the thoracic wall

rib cage, skin, breasts, muscles, and fascia covering its anteriolateral aspect, sternum

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what are the posterior structures of the thorax called

the back region

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what does the rib cage provide

protection of vital organs, resisting of negative internal pressures generated by the recoil of lungs, attachment and support of upper limbs, and attachment for muscles

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how many pairs of ribs and costal cartilage

12

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how many pairs of thoracic vertabrae

12, and then intervertebral discs (IVD) between them

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what are the three types of ribs

true (vertebrocostal)

false (vertebrochondral)

floating (vertebral)

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what ribs are true ribs

1-7

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what ribs are false ribs

8-10

but also 11 and 12 technically

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what ribs are floating ribs

11-12

no anterior attachment

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what two classifications of ribs are there

typical and atypical

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typical ribs

3-9, includes head, neck, tubercle, and body

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atypical ribs

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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why do ribs attach to costal cartilage anteriorly

provide elasticity

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what are ribs separated by

intercostal spaces

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how are intercostal spaces named

for the rib forming the superior border

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what do intercostal spaces contain

muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

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what are characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

-bilateral costal facets on bodies, usually superiorly and inferiorly. used for articulation with rib head

-costal facets on transverse process (TVP) for articulation with rib tubercle

-long inferiorly slanting spinous process

-body, attached to pedicles, bilateral TVP, and laminas attached to spinous process

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what direction to superior articular facets face

posteriolaterally

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what direction to inferior articular facets face

anteriomedially

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what are thoracic apertures

the superior and inferior openings of the rib cage

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what do thoracic apertures allow communication between

with the neck and arm structures superiorly, and abdominal structures inferiorly

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what is the superior thoracic aperture called

thoracic inlet

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what is the inferior thoracic aperture

thoracic outlet

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what are the accessory muscles of respiration attaching to the rib cage

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and scalenes

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what are scalenes

in the neck, attach to manubrium and clavicle to tighten and pull up rib cage during inspiration

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what are the true thoracic wall muscles

serratus posterior, levator costarum, intercostals, subcostals, and transverse thoracics

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what is the levator costarum

the inner wall of the thoracic cage, used for expiration

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what is the diaphragm

primary muscle of inspiration, forms floor of the thoracic cage. separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera

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what adjacent structures does fascia invest or attach to

pectoral fascia (bed of breast), clavipectoral fascia (over pectoralis minor), and endothoracic fascia (lines rib cage internally)

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what are the nerves of the thoracic wall

intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves

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what are intercostal nerves

the anterior primary of the 1st 11 thoracic spinal nerves

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where do intercostal nerves run

run between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles. they are lodged in the costal groove on the inferior surface of ribs

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what are the intercostal nerves included in

the neurovascular bundle, and the VAN of the intercostal space

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what are the subcostal nerves

the anterior primary rami of the 12th thoracic spinal nerve

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what is the arterial supply of the vasculature of the thoracic wall

-thoracic aorta through posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries

-subclavian artery through internal thoracic artery and supreme intercostal artery

-axillary artery through superior and lateral thoracic artery

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what does the vasculature of the thoracic wall supply

the muscles, skin, and parietal pleura of the thoracic wall, give off branches supplying pectoral muscles and breasts

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what do the branches of the posterior intercostal artery supply

spinal cord, vertebral column, and back

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what is the venous supply of the vasculature of the thoracic wall

-11 posterior intercostal veins- drain to azygous venous system to the superior vena cava

-anterior intercostal veins- tributaries of internal thoracic veins

-internal thoracic veins

-subcostal veins

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what do veins do in relation to their arteries

-generally accompany the same named arteries

-drain the same areas that their corresponding arteries supply

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what are breasts

the most prominent superficial structure in the anterior thoracic wall

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breast location in relation to pectoral fascia

breasts are anterior to pectoral fascia

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what are the breast structures

mammary glands (and their structures), nipple, areola

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what are the mammary glands

accessory to reproduction in females, rudimentary in males. they are surrounded by fat. they have an axillary process (tail), lobules, and modified sweat glands

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what do lobules produce

parenchyma (functional substance)

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where does the parenchyma drain

into the lactiferous ducts leading to a lactiferous sinus where milk accumulates prior to exiting the nipple

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what type of control are the modified sweat glands under in the breast

hormonal control

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what does the areola surround

the nipple

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where is the arterial supply from of the breast

-medial mammary branches and intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery from the subclavian artery

-lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries from the axillary artery

-posterior intercostal arteries from the thoracic aorta

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what is the venous drainage of the breast

into the axillary vein by tributaries that accompany the supplying arteries

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why is lymphatic drainage of the breast important

due to the metastasis of cancer

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how does lymphatic drainage of the breast work

by subareolar lymphatic plexus. 75% drains to pectoral and axillary lymph nodes and the rest drains into parasternal lymph nodes. the lymph eventually enters the right lymphatic duct of the thoracic duct on the left, then enters the R&L venous angles

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how many compartments are in the thoracic cavity

3

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what are the three compartments of the thoracic cavity? what do they contain?

-R&L pulmonary cavities- contain the lungs and pleurae

-Central Mediastinum- contains the heart, great vessels, thymus, part of the trachea, esophagus, and the lymph nodes

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what are the two types of pleurae in the thoracic cavity

visceral (pulmonary) pleura and parietal pleura

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what is visceral (pulmonary) pleura

pleura that lines the lung surface

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what is the parietal pleura

plerua that lines the pulmonary cavities

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what is the parietal pleura specifically named for

named for the parts it touches. ie- ribs, diaphragm, mediastinum

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what is pleural cavity

the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleuras

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what is the pleural sac

combination of the pleurae, pleural cavity, and pleural sac

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what is the essential function of the lungs

respiration and to oxygenate blood

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what do the base of the lungs rest on

the diaphragm

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when do the lungs descend and ascend

descend- inspiration, ascend- expiration

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where is the apex of the lungs

the superior end at the root of the neck

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where is the base of the lungs

inferior surface

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what are the three surfaces of the lungs

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

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what does the anterior border of the left lung have

a deep cardiac notch that shapes the lowest anteroinferior part of the superior lobe into the lingula

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how many lobes does the right lung have

3- superior, middle, and inferior

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how many lobes does the left lung have

2-superior and inferior

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what are the fissures on the right lungs

-right oblique fissure (between the superior and inferior lobes and the middle and inferior lobe)

-horizontal (between middle and superior lobes)

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what are the fissures on the left lung

the left oblique fissure

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what do the roots of the lung do

attach the lung to the mediastinum

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what do the roots of the lung contain

pulmonary artery, superior and inferior pulmonary vein, main bronchus, nerves, and vessels

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what is the hilum

area on the mediastinal surface where root structures enter and exit

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what is the tracheobronchial tree

the sub-laryngeal airway to the lungs

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what is the cartilagenous trunk that splits at the sternal angle

the trachea

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what does the trachea split into

the right and left main bronchus, which enter the hilus of each lung respectively

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what do the main bronchus (primary) divide into

Lobar Bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left) to supply each lobe

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what to lobar bronchi (secondary) divide into

several segmental bronchi (tertiary)

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what do segmental bronchi (tertiary) divide into

bronchopulmonary segments

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what is the largest subdivision of a lobe

bronchopulmonary segments

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