gross anatomy thorax

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 1 person
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/209

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

210 Terms

1
New cards
what is the thorax
the area between the neck and abdomen. includes the thoracic cavity and the structures within
2
New cards
what structures does the thorax contain
\-the rib cage, thoracic vertebrae and its floor, and the diaphragm

\-the primary organs of the respiratory and cardiovascular system
3
New cards
what is the thorax divided into
a central mediastinum, right and left pulmonary cavities
4
New cards
what makes up the thoracic wall
rib cage, skin, breasts, muscles, and fascia covering its anteriolateral aspect, sternum
5
New cards
what are the posterior structures of the thorax called
the back region
6
New cards
what does the rib cage provide
protection of vital organs, resisting of negative internal pressures generated by the recoil of lungs, attachment and support of upper limbs, and attachment for muscles
7
New cards
how many pairs of ribs and costal cartilage
12
8
New cards
how many pairs of thoracic vertabrae
12, and then intervertebral discs (IVD) between them
9
New cards
what are the three types of ribs
true (vertebrocostal)

false (vertebrochondral)

floating (vertebral)
10
New cards
what ribs are true ribs
1-7
11
New cards
what ribs are false ribs
8-10

but also 11 and 12 technically
12
New cards
what ribs are floating ribs
11-12

no anterior attachment
13
New cards
what two classifications of ribs are there
typical and atypical
14
New cards
typical ribs
3-9, includes head, neck, tubercle, and body
15
New cards
atypical ribs
1, 2, 10, 11, 12
16
New cards
why do ribs attach to costal cartilage anteriorly
provide elasticity
17
New cards
what are ribs separated by
intercostal spaces
18
New cards
how are intercostal spaces named
for the rib forming the superior border
19
New cards
what do intercostal spaces contain
muscles, blood vessels, and nerves
20
New cards
what are characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
\-bilateral costal facets on bodies, usually superiorly and inferiorly. used for articulation with rib head

\-costal facets on transverse process (TVP) for articulation with rib tubercle

\-long inferiorly slanting spinous process

\-body, attached to pedicles, bilateral TVP, and laminas attached to spinous process
21
New cards
what direction to superior articular facets face
posteriolaterally
22
New cards
what direction to inferior articular facets face
anteriomedially
23
New cards

what are thoracic apertures

the superior and inferior openings of the rib cage

24
New cards

what do thoracic apertures allow communication between

with the neck and arm structures superiorly, and abdominal structures inferiorly

25
New cards

what is the superior thoracic aperture called

thoracic inlet

26
New cards

what is the inferior thoracic aperture

thoracic outlet

27
New cards

what are the accessory muscles of respiration attaching to the rib cage

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and scalenes

28
New cards

what are scalenes

in the neck, attach to manubrium and clavicle to tighten and pull up rib cage during inspiration

29
New cards

what are the true thoracic wall muscles

serratus posterior, levator costarum, intercostals, subcostals, and transverse thoracics

30
New cards

what is the levator costarum

the inner wall of the thoracic cage, used for expiration

31
New cards

what is the diaphragm

primary muscle of inspiration, forms floor of the thoracic cage. separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera

32
New cards

what adjacent structures does fascia invest or attach to

pectoral fascia (bed of breast), clavipectoral fascia (over pectoralis minor), and endothoracic fascia (lines rib cage internally)

33
New cards

what are the nerves of the thoracic wall

intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves

34
New cards

what are intercostal nerves

the anterior primary of the 1st 11 thoracic spinal nerves

35
New cards

where do intercostal nerves run

run between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles. they are lodged in the costal groove on the inferior surface of ribs

36
New cards

what are the intercostal nerves included in

the neurovascular bundle, and the VAN of the intercostal space

37
New cards

what are the subcostal nerves

the anterior primary rami of the 12th thoracic spinal nerve

38
New cards

what is the arterial supply of the vasculature of the thoracic wall

-thoracic aorta through posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries

-subclavian artery through internal thoracic artery and supreme intercostal artery

-axillary artery through superior and lateral thoracic artery

39
New cards

what does the vasculature of the thoracic wall supply

the muscles, skin, and parietal pleura of the thoracic wall, give off branches supplying pectoral muscles and breasts

40
New cards

what do the branches of the posterior intercostal artery supply

spinal cord, vertebral column, and back

41
New cards

what is the venous supply of the vasculature of the thoracic wall

-11 posterior intercostal veins- drain to azygous venous system to the superior vena cava

-anterior intercostal veins- tributaries of internal thoracic veins

-internal thoracic veins

-subcostal veins

42
New cards

what do veins do in relation to their arteries

-generally accompany the same named arteries

-drain the same areas that their corresponding arteries supply

43
New cards

what are breasts

the most prominent superficial structure in the anterior thoracic wall

44
New cards

breast location in relation to pectoral fascia

breasts are anterior to pectoral fascia

45
New cards

what are the breast structures

mammary glands (and their structures), nipple, areola

46
New cards

what are the mammary glands

accessory to reproduction in females, rudimentary in males. they are surrounded by fat. they have an axillary process (tail), lobules, and modified sweat glands

47
New cards

what do lobules produce

parenchyma (functional substance)

48
New cards

where does the parenchyma drain

into the lactiferous ducts leading to a lactiferous sinus where milk accumulates prior to exiting the nipple

49
New cards

what type of control are the modified sweat glands under in the breast

hormonal control

50
New cards

what does the areola surround

the nipple

51
New cards

where is the arterial supply from of the breast

-medial mammary branches and intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery from the subclavian artery

-lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries from the axillary artery

-posterior intercostal arteries from the thoracic aorta

52
New cards

what is the venous drainage of the breast

into the axillary vein by tributaries that accompany the supplying arteries

53
New cards

why is lymphatic drainage of the breast important

due to the metastasis of cancer

54
New cards

how does lymphatic drainage of the breast work

by subareolar lymphatic plexus. 75% drains to pectoral and axillary lymph nodes and the rest drains into parasternal lymph nodes. the lymph eventually enters the right lymphatic duct of the thoracic duct on the left, then enters the R&L venous angles

55
New cards

how many compartments are in the thoracic cavity

3

56
New cards

what are the three compartments of the thoracic cavity? what do they contain?

-R&L pulmonary cavities- contain the lungs and pleurae

-Central Mediastinum- contains the heart, great vessels, thymus, part of the trachea, esophagus, and the lymph nodes

57
New cards

what are the two types of pleurae in the thoracic cavity

visceral (pulmonary) pleura and parietal pleura

58
New cards

what is visceral (pulmonary) pleura

pleura that lines the lung surface

59
New cards

what is the parietal pleura

plerua that lines the pulmonary cavities

60
New cards

what is the parietal pleura specifically named for

named for the parts it touches. ie- ribs, diaphragm, mediastinum

61
New cards

what is pleural cavity

the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleuras

62
New cards

what is the pleural sac

combination of the pleurae, pleural cavity, and pleural sac

63
New cards

what is the essential function of the lungs

respiration and to oxygenate blood

64
New cards
65
New cards

what do the base of the lungs rest on

the diaphragm

66
New cards

when do the lungs descend and ascend

descend- inspiration, ascend- expiration

67
New cards

where is the apex of the lungs

the superior end at the root of the neck

68
New cards

where is the base of the lungs

inferior surface

69
New cards

what are the three surfaces of the lungs

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

70
New cards

what does the anterior border of the left lung have

a deep cardiac notch that shapes the lowest anteroinferior part of the superior lobe into the lingula

71
New cards

how many lobes does the right lung have

3- superior, middle, and inferior

72
New cards

how many lobes does the left lung have

2-superior and inferior

73
New cards

what are the fissures on the right lungs

-right oblique fissure (between the superior and inferior lobes and the middle and inferior lobe)

-horizontal (between middle and superior lobes)

74
New cards

what are the fissures on the left lung

the left oblique fissure

75
New cards

what do the roots of the lung do

attach the lung to the mediastinum

76
New cards

what do the roots of the lung contain

pulmonary artery, superior and inferior pulmonary vein, main bronchus, nerves, and vessels

77
New cards

what is the hilum

area on the mediastinal surface where root structures enter and exit

78
New cards

what is the tracheobronchial tree

the sub-laryngeal airway to the lungs

79
New cards

what is the cartilagenous trunk that splits at the sternal angle

the trachea

80
New cards

what does the trachea split into

the right and left main bronchus, which enter the hilus of each lung respectively

81
New cards

what do the main bronchus (primary) divide into

Lobar Bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left) to supply each lobe

82
New cards

what to lobar bronchi (secondary) divide into

several segmental bronchi (tertiary)

83
New cards

what do segmental bronchi (tertiary) divide into

bronchopulmonary segments

84
New cards

what is the largest subdivision of a lobe

bronchopulmonary segments

85
New cards

what are bronchopulmonary segments separated by

connective tissue. are surgically resectable

86
New cards

what do bronchopulmonary segments further split into

conducting, terminal, and respiratory bronchioles, and and as alveolus (functional gas exchange unit)

87
New cards

pulmonary arteries and the vasculature of the lungs and pleurae

from the heart, carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs. they divide to lobular arteries, to segmental arteries, to alveolar capillary plexus

88
New cards

superior and inferior pulmonary veins and the vasculature of the lungs and pleurae

carry oxygenated blood (via its tributaries, lobar, and segmantal veins) back to the heart

89
New cards

bronchial arteries and the vasculature of the lungs and pleurae

from the thoracic aorta, supply blood to the non respiratory structures of the lungs and visceral pleura

90
New cards

bronchial veins and the vasculature of the lungs and pleurae

drain bronchial arteries and empty into the azygos and hemiazygos veins, that then empty into the SVC

91
New cards

what are the pulmonary lymphatic plexuses

-superficial (subpleural) lymphatic plexuses

-deep lymphatic plexus

92
New cards

what are superficial lymphatic plexuses

deep to visceral pleura. drain the lung tissue and visceral pleura into the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (near hilum)

93
New cards

what are the deep lymphatic plexus

drain the structures forming the root of the lung (ie the bronchi), into the pulmonary lymph nodes (along the bronchi)

94
New cards

where do bronchopulmonary and pulmonary lymph nodes drain into

the tracheobronchial lymph nodes located superior and inferior to the trachea bifurcation

95
New cards

where do bronchomediastinal lymph trunks end

the right and left venous angles

96
New cards

where do the lungs and pleurae receive nerve innervation from

the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

97
New cards

where are the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses located

anterior and posterior to the root of lungs

98
New cards

where to the afferent and efferent parasympathetic fibers of the lungs come from

vagus nerves, joined by branches from upper thoracic sympathetic trunk and cardiac plexus

99
New cards

what do the parasympathetics of the lungs and pleurae cause

bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and secretomotor to glands

100
New cards

what do the sympathetic fibers of the lungs and pleurae cause

bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, and inhibitory to glands