Vaccines (Cram)

Fill in the blank: A vaccine is a biological agent that may no longer be _______ (capable of causing disease), but is still _______ ( capable of evoking an immune response).

pathogenic, antigenic

What kind of immunity does vaccination produce?

Active immunity

What are the four properties of an ideal vaccine?

Remember: Never Stop Immunizing the Masses

1. No adverse side effects

2. Strong immunity produced in the majority of

3. Inexpensive

4. Mass vaccination potential (easy to use and store)

What are the seven types of vaccines?

1. Live
2. Modified live
3. Killed
4. Subunit
5. Toxoid
6. Viral vector–based
7. mRNA

What type of vaccine is generally safe to give to pregnant or immunocomprimised animals?

Killed vaccine

What kind of vaccine uses a harmless virus as a delivery system, and presents parts of the dangerous virus to the immune system?

Viral vector–based vaccine

Which type of vaccine is used against most Clostridials (blackleg, tetanus, etc)?

Toxoid

What kind of vaccine is essentially a recipe given to the body so that it makes antibodies?

mRNA vaccine

Which type of vaccine contains only the individual proteins (antigens) from the pathogen, NOT the entire organism?

Subunit vaccine

True or false: Live vaccines, despite delivering a live pathogen cannot cause disease. The pathogen has been incapacitated in some way.

False. Live vaccines can cause the disease. They are very risky and not often used. The Brucellosis abortus vaccine is one of very few examples

Another term for modifed live vaccines, refers to the process of rendering an organism less virulent without killing it

Attenuated vaccine

Fill in the blank: Attenuated vaccines are ______ of causing disease, but still strongly ______ (capable of evoking an immune response)

incapable, antigenic

What are the two methods of attenuation? They involve adapting organisms to growth in unusual conditions so that they lose their adaptation to their usual host

1. Repeat sub–culturing
2. Passage of organism through unnatural host

What are the three methods of repeat sub–culturing used to attenuate a vaccine?

1. Culturing in unfavorable media
2. Culturing in unfavorable temperatures
3. Culturing in media with nutrient shortages

What are the two methods used when attenuating a vaccine by passage through on unnatural host?

1. Culturing in eggs/tissue cultures

2. Culturing in different species (that is not susceptible to the disease)

Attenuation by passage through an unnatural host is commonly used for which type of organism (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc.)?

Viruses

In live or attenuated vaccines there is still the chance of getting the disease, is this true of killed vaccines?

No. There is NO chance of disease in killed vaccines

True or false: Killed vaccines are made by denaturing or distorting the antigens on the disease causing organism

False. If the antigens are denatured or distorted, the body will not be able to produce antibodies to them

What are the two methods used to kill organisms for killed vaccines?

1. Heating

2. Chemicals

Which method of preparing killed vaccines causes extensive damage to the antigens?

Heating. Using chemicals produces very little change in the antigens responsible for stimulating protective immunity

An agent that increases the antigenicity of a vaccine but which is not necessarily an antibody itself

Adjuvant (example: the "depo" in drugs like depo–provera refers to a slow release drug)

Adjuvants are added to which two types of vaccines?

1. Killed
2. Toxoid

Order these vaccines from most to least effective: Subunit, modified live, killed

Modified live > subunit > killed

True or false: Like the killed vaccine, subunit vaccines cannot cause disease

True

Which kind of vaccine is composed of detoxified bacterial toxins?

Toxoid

Fill in the blank: In a toxoid vaccine, immunity is produced against the ______ NOT against the ______.

toxin, bacteria

Which type of vaccine combination contains several different organisms?

Mixed vaccine

Which type of vaccine combination contains several different strains of the same organism?

Polyvalent vaccine

What are the four routes of administration of vaccine, and which is used the most?

1. SQ (used most)
2. IM
3. IN (intranasal)
4. PO (orally)

What is the antibody produced by intranasal vaccine administration?

IgA (other vaccines are IgG & IgM)

Which type of antiodies are produced by SQ and IM injections?

IgG, IgM

Which method of vaccine administration is used in zoos and on wildlife?

Orally

Which type of vaccine is already in liquid form with suspended adjuvant. It must be shaken before use

Killed vaccine

Which type of vaccine is usually lyophilized (freeze dried). It must be reconstituted and used immediately?

Modified live vaccine

Which type of vaccine requires more boosters? Killed or modified live vaccines?

Killed vaccine

What are some care rules for vaccines (4 total)?

1. Keep cool (usually refrigerated until use)

2. Never allow vaccines to freeze

3. Use vaccines immediately after reconstitution

4. Never mix different vaccines

What are the three factors that can lead to vaccination failure?

1. Vaccine failure (production or contamination)
2. Human error (wrong route, no boosters)
3. Problems with host animal

Why might an animal with poor nutritional status not develop full immunity when given a vaccine?

The body doesn't have enough protein to create antibodies

Antibodies in a dam's colostrum are only available to a newborn for how long?

24 hours after birth

What are the two factors that will effect the degree of protection in colostrum?

1. Amount of antibodies consumed
2. Number of different antibodies consumed

Fill in the blank: If the dam is well-______ and/or ______, there should be large numbers and types of antibodies in the colostrum

vaccinated, older

The presence of maternal antibodies protects the newborn BUT it also prevents the successful vaccination (for a period of time) of the newborn, because it inhibits antibody production. What is this effect called?

Maternal antibody interference

Why don't we use these two solutions to maternal antibody interference? Measure antibody levels in young animals before vaccination, and vaccinate young animals every week until maternal antibodies have probably worn off

Too expensive and not practical

What is the solution to maternal antibody interference that is most commonly used?

Starting vaccinations at ~ 8 weeks of age, and boostering every 4 weeks until 16 weeks of age

If an animal has a reaction from a killed vaccine, what is likely the cause?

Adjuvant (or depot)

What are some advantages to using modified live vaccines instead of killed vaccines (three total)?

1. Stronger immunity
2. Less boosters required
3. Less chance of hypersensitivities

What are some advantages to using killed vaccines instead of modified live vaccines (three total)?

1. Can't cause disease
2. Don't need to reconstitute
3. Easier storage and handling requirements