Pitt into to Africana Studies Final

Patrice Lumumba

- Leader of nationalist movement in Congo (now Dem. Rep. of the Congo) and its first Prime Minister

- Assassinated just months after independence

- Became global symbol of struggle for African unity and independence

Pan-Africanism

- Unity among people of african descent

- common interest, common destiny

- establishment of an independent nation state and the idea of "reflex influence"

- belief in divine providence

- responsibility to Africa held by descendants in the diaspora

- Emigration

Maria Stewart

African american journalist, lecturer, abolitionist and women's rights activist

Liberia

established in 1822 under the ACS

First Fugitive Slave Act

1793

slaveholder could recapture runaway slaves

Second Fugitive Slave Act

1850

Northerners had to help/participate

Berlin Conference

- International agreement to establish European claims to African territory

- claims based on "effective occupation"

Sierra Leone

established 1787

Social Race

a group assumed to have a biological basis but actually perceived and defined in social context

Preventive Squadron

- Royal Navy on west African Coast

- Goal was to suppress the slave trade

American Colonization Society (ACS)

- supported the return of African Americans back to Africa

- Helped found the colony of Liberia

Paul Cuffe

- Shipbuilder from Mass.

- Funded trip to settle free slaves in Sierra Leone

Colonialism

political, social, economic and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time

Legitimate Trade

commerce in goods that are not human beings

Tanzania

Independence in 1961/63

Ghana

- first independent sub-saharan african nation (1957)

- Welcomed diaspora

Kenya

- Independence in 1963

Haile Selassie

- Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974

- Brought Ethiopia into the league of Nations

- Was emperor when Benito Mussolini's army invaded Ethiopia on October 3rd, 1935

Marcus Garvey

- born in Jamaica, traveled through Central America and Britain

- Proponent of Pan-Africanism

- founded Universal Negro Improvement Association, delegates and conference worldwide

- The Negro World, circulated all over, printed several languages to bring people together

- black star line stock certificate, raised money to purchase ships to go to Africa

- Red, black and green flag = Pan-Africanism

King Leopold II

- King of Belgium

- Never even visited Belgian Congo but greatly profited

- red rubber scandal

Amilcar Cabral

- Leader of nationalist movements in cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau

- Founded the Centre for African Studies

- Pan-Africanist who led the liberation struggle in Guinea-Bissau against Portugal from 1963-73

Kwame Nkrumah

- first president of Ghana

- influenced by Garvey on Nkrumah can be seen in the Black Star on the flag of Ghana

- helped found the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

- Dreamed of Uniting African into United States of Africa

Somerset-Mansfield

- Brought Slave from US to England, slave ran away

- Chief Justice Mansfield ruled that he could not be forcibly returned to slavery in Virginia

- Ruled that English law did not recognize slavery and it ended slavery in England

Edward Wilmot Blyden

- Famous Statesman from Liberia

- Advocate or pan-africanism and people returning to Africa

- considered one of the father of Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism

Martin Delaney

- "reflex influence"

- promotes emigration as a way to escape oppression

- from West Virginia, moved to Pittsburgh

- Went to Harvard Medical school for 1 semester before students pressured school to kick him out

- started abolitionist newspaper

- considered one of the fathers of Black Nationalism and pan-africanism

Italian Invasion of Ethiopia

- fought again in 1935

- Often seen as a racial war by africans in Africa and diaspora

- let to stirring of black racial patriotism

Battle of Adwa

- Italians vs Ethiopians (1986)

- Ethiopians won, not colonized

- Italy wanted to secure entire horn of Africa

Whitening

- encouraging Europeans to immigrate over everyone else

- marrying someone whiter

Cross Bronx Expressway

- construction began in 1959 (Robert Mosses)

- Demolition of hundreds of buildings , neighborhoods

- forced relocation of 170,000 people

- White flight (Italian, German, Jewish, Irish)

- Burning of buildings for insurance, quick sales to slumlords

- Black/latino populations increasing - displaced by urban renewal projects in city

Hypodescent

automatically places the children of parents from two different groups into the minority group

Dred Scott Decision

1857

- attempted to sue for his freedom when white owners took him into a free state

- ruled that blacks were not citizens, could not sue, federal gov't had no power to regulate slavery

- huge setback

4 Elements of Hip Hop Culture

Graffiti (wildstyle)

Breakdancing

DJing

MCing/Rapping (the last element to emerge)

Technologies of Imperialism

Knowledge of diseases

Transportation and communications

Weaponry and Military tactics

13th Amendment

abolishes slavery in all states (1865)

14th Amendment

guarantees citizenship status to and equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

extends suffrage to black men

Julius Nyerere

- leader of nationalist movement in Tanganyika (eventually became Tanzania)

- Major pan-africanist and founder of OAU

- instituted "African socialism" (family-hood)

- took leading role in supporting African Liberation movements

Plessy vs. Ferguson

- upholds "separate but equal"

- railroad cars in Louisiana

Jomo Kenyatta

leader of nationalist movement in Kenya, 1st president

Brown vs. BOE

- Rules separate but equal unconstitutional

- Thurgood Marshall as attorney ( ends up being first african-american supreme court justice)

- brought up by NAACP

- Argued that psychological effects were unequal

Leopold Senghor

- 1st President of Senegal

- Strongly influenced by the Harlem

The Magnificent African Cake

- Indirect rule - leaders from both sides could gain

- Africans had to pay a poll tax, house tax, ect., and it could only be paid in cash, which Africans could only obtain by working as laborers

- mono cropping

de facto segregation

discrimination in social construction (regions people live in, etc.)

de jure segregation

discrimination by law

The Eye of the Storm

teaching racism in the classroom

Kool D.J. Herc

tailored his DJing style after dub music DJing in Jamaica (he eventually started talking over beats)

Post Industrialism

- factories closed down

- gap between incomes (options limited if not well educated)

- how NYC was described in the 1970's

Gilberto Freyre

- Brazilian anthropologist

- published a revolutionary work for the study of races in Culture in Brazil, turing point in the analysis of the black heritage in Brazil

- refutes the idea that Brazil would have an "inferior" race because of race mixing

Ethnic Group

- group distinguished by cultural similarities (shared amongst its members) and cultural differences (between that group and others)

- languages, religion, customs, history, geography, kinship, beliefs

Mestizaje

- mix of european and native american ancestors

- Latin America

European Colonization of Africa (3 major ways it was enacted or administered)

Direct rule, indirect rule, concessions

Direct Rule

political domination through a visible european presence

ex. south Africa, Kenya

Indirect Rule

ruling through a local native authorities who are already in place

ex. Nigeria

Concessions

private deals between colonial government and private companies whereby the private companies become the rules on the ground

ex. Congo

Reasons for Colonization

- Search for raw materials

- potential source of mineral wealth

- Beat out competition

- future markets

- national prestige

Negro World

newspaper; had the largest black subscription list, than any other periodical

Settler Colony

Re-Captives

The Maxim Gun

The world's first automatic machine gun invented in 1884, which helped the European's in war against the Africans because they used outdated weapons.

Racial Democracy

A term used by some to describe race relations in Brazil. The term denotes some scholars' belief that Brazil has escaped racism and racial discrimination. Although Brazil prides itself on this it is seen that this is mostly untrue and the whites are usually much weather than the other ethnic groups.

Pot Not Boiling Remix

Minie Bullet

Can blow off parts of the body with one shot

Hipco

Harriet Jacobs

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

hid in attic

tried to marry a white lawyer

Missouri vs. Celia

case where Celia tried to sue her master for raping her, she ended up losing the case because the courts ruled you couldn't rape property

Afro-Latinos

Senegal

independence in 1960

South Africa

independence in 1910/94

Congo

independence in 1960