* sc: Duboisia myoporoides * fam: Solanaceae * cons: Hyoscyamine and scopolamine * use: Treatment of motion sickness, stomach disorder, side effects of cancer therapy, and antispasmodic
* Emetic * Dover's powder (Ipecac mixed with opium) acts as a diaphoretic * Post poison emetic property * Ipecac syrup should not be confused with ipecac fluidextract, which is 14 times stronger
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EMELINE OR METHYLCEPHAELIN
* obtained from ipecac or prepared synthetically by methylation of cephaeline * not orally * it can cause nausea and vomiting
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EMETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
* salt form * Antiamebic * amebic dysenttery * antiprotozoan
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HYDRASTIS/GOLDENSEAL
* sc: Hydrastis canadensis * fam: Ranunculaceae * cons: hydrastine, berberine, and canadine * use: astringents in inflammation of the mucous membranes (125mg)
* sc: Strychnus castelnaei * fam: Loganiaceae * cons: tubocurarine * use: skeletal muscle relaxant and a diagnostic aid in myasthenia gravis. * Assay: by the head drop cross over test in rabbits (ear)
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Head drop rabbit
* curare * ear rabbit
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OPIUM/GUM OPIUM
* sc: Papaver somniferum * fam: Papaveraceae * cons: morphine, codeine, noscapine, papaverine, and thebaine * use: analgesic and hypnotic and a narcotic and checks excessive peristalsis and contracts the pupil of the eye
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POWDERED OPIUM
* products obtained from ipecac * making Dover's powder and camphorated opium tincture and is combined with other agents in antidiarrheal preparations. * analgesic
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PAREGORIC/CAMPHORATED OPIUM TINCTURE
* products obtained from ipecac * Antiperistaltic
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LAUDANUM, OPIUM TINCTURE, OR DEODORIZED OPIUM TINCTURE
* OPIATES * Most important * Narcotic analgesic * Strongly hypnotic * Induce nausea, vomiting, constipation, and habit formation. * addictive
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CODEINE
* OPIATES * Most widely used * Methylmorphine * Obtained from methylation of morphine * Narcotic analgesics * Antitussives (10- 20 mg Q4 prn) * Sedative * Analgesic(15- 60mg Q4 prn) * Less toxic and involves much less danger of habit formation.
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NOSCAPINE
* OPIATES * narcotine/anarcotine * Antitussive. * The usual dose is 15 mg, up to 4 times a day * available in syrup and chewable tablets
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PAPAVERINE
* OPIATES * Smooth muscle relaxant * Antitussive in combination with codeine (15mg) * oral 150 mg * IM 30 mg
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OPIOIDS
* synthetic
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HEROIN
* OPIOIDS * Diacetylmorphine * Formed by the acetylation of morphine * Increased danger of habit formation, very potent. * most addictive
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HYDROMORPHONE
* OPIOIDS * Dihydromorphinone hydrochloride * Powerful narcotic analgesic * tends to strongly depress the respiratory mechanism * Less frequent SE (constipation
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HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE
* OPIOIDS * dihydrocodeinone bitartrate * Bears the same relation to codeine as dihydromorphinone does to morphine * Antitussive * excellent troublesome cough * 5-10mg 3-4x a day
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APOMORPHINE
* OPIOIDS * Condensation of morphine + HCl and one molecule of water is lost * Emetic * 100mg/ 1 kg * max 6g
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INDOLE
* amino acid tryptophan (serotonin) * Some indole alkaloids don’t come from the amino acid tryptophan it is believe that non tryptophan portions of the alkaloids are derived from the monoterpenoid precursor
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RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA
* sc: Rauwolfia serpentina * fam: Apocynaceae * cons: reserpine * use: Treatment of snakebites to insanity, antihypertensive and tranquilizer * Mood swings
* ALKALOIDS OF CATHARANTHUS * Hodgkin's disease * lymphocytic lymphoma * histiocytic lymphoma * mycosis fungoides * advanced testicular carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma * and choriocarcinoma, and breast cancer unresponsive to other therapies. * 2nd line * effective in single dose
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VINCRISTINE SULFATE
* n-formly * Acute leukemia and in combination therapy in Hodgkin's disease, lvmphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcorna, neuroblastoma, and Wilms' tumor.
* ERGOT ALKALOIDS * Ergometrine maleate (labor) * An oxytocic and produces much faster stimulation of the uterine muscles than do other ergot alkaloids
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Methylergonovine maleate
* ERGOT ALKALOIDS * Semisynthetic homolog of ergonovine * Oxytocic lightly more active and longer acting than ergonovine
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ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
* ERGOT ALKALOIDS * Specific analgesic in treatment of migraine
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METHYLSERGIDE MALEATE
* ERGOT ALKALOIDS * Prophylaxis of vascular headache * salt of methyl ergotrovine * prophylaxis for headache
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LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE/LSD
* ERGOT ALKALOIDS * Most active and most specific psychomimetic drug * Hallucinogenic agent * Dangerous
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IMIDAZOLE
* Monoacidic tertiary base containing a lactone group as well as the imidazole nucleus * histidine
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PILOCARPUS/JABORANDI
* sc: Pilocarpus jaborandi * fam: Rutaceae * cons: pilocarpine * use: Narrow-angle glaucoma • Pilocarpine nitrate and Pilocarpine hydrochloride * opens the anterior chamber angle to improve the outflow - miosis * eyedrops
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STEROIDAL
* cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus * They apparently are either formed from cholesterol, or they and cholesterol have a common precursor
* heterocyclic nucleus consisting of the 6-membered pyrimidine ring fused to the 5-membered imidazole ring.
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CAFFEINE
* 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
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THEOPHYLLINE (neo)
* 1,3- dimethylxanthine
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THEOBROMINE
* 3,7-dimethylxanthine
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KOLA/COLA/KOLANUTS
* sc: Cola nitida * fam: Sterculiaceae * cons: caffeine and theobromine * use: ingredient in carbonated drinks stimulant
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COFFEE BEAN/COFFEE
* sc: Coffea arabica * fam: Rubiaceae * cons: caffeine and theobromine * use:dietetic, stimulant, and a diuretic, and CNS poisoning * Decaffeinated coffee is prepared by extracting most of the caffeine from the coffee bean * aroma of caffeine - caffeol * usual cup (100mg - 150mg) * max- 1.5g daily dose