APUSH Period 4 Flashcards (1800–1848)

Rise of Political Parties

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans; debates over the role of federal power, the economy, and foreign alliances.

Jeffersonian Revolution (1800)

Peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans; emphasized limited government and agrarianism.

Jefferson's Policies

Reduced military, cut taxes, shrank government; conflicted with Federalist strong-central-government ideals.

Market Revolution

Shift from local to national markets due to improved transportation (canals, roads), industrialization, and agriculture advances.

Causes of the War of 1812

British impressment of U.S. sailors, interference with trade, and support of Native American resistance on the frontier.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalist meeting to protest the War of 1812; perceived as disloyal and led to the party's collapse.

War Hawks

Young Democratic-Republicans (like Henry Clay) pushing for war with Britain to defend honor and expand territory.

Judicial Review

Established by Marbury v. Madison; the power of the judiciary to declare laws or actions of the legislative or executive branches unconstitutional

The Marshall Court

Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall; promoted federal power through rulings like McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Frequent Conflicts with Natives

Resulted from westward expansion and policy (e.g., Indian Removal Act); led to wars like Tecumseh's rebellion.

First Wave of Immigration

Mainly Irish and German immigrants; settled in Northern cities and faced discrimination (nativism).

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Doubled U.S. territory; bought from France by Jefferson, who stretched constitutional interpretation to do it.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banned slavery north of 36°30′ latitude in the Louisiana Territory.

Erie Canal (1825)

Connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean; part of internal improvements funded under the American System.

Infrastructure Investment

Expansion of roads, canals, and later railroads; boosted national commerce and westward movement.

Expansion of Democracy (1820s)

More white men gained suffrage as property requirements dropped; led to rise of popular politics.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere; asserted U.S. dominance in the Americas.

Increasing Sectionalism

Conflicts over slavery, tariffs, and internal improvements created divides between North, South, and West.

American System

Henry Clay's plan for economic growth: national bank, protective tariffs, and federal support for infrastructure.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand from coast to coast; used to justify westward expansion.

Westward Expansion

Driven by cheap land, Manifest Destiny, and policies like the Indian Removal Act; displaced Native peoples.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Slave uprising in Virginia; led to harsher slave laws and growing fear in the South.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Successful slave revolt in Haiti that influenced American slaveholders and contributed to fears of rebellion.

Texas Revolution (1836)

Texans fought and won independence from Mexico; led to the annexation of Texas and increased sectional tensions.

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

South Carolina attempted to nullify a federal tariff; Jackson opposed it, affirming federal supremacy.

Henry Clay

Senator and statesman known for the American System, the Missouri Compromise, and role in the Compromise of 1850.

Andrew Jackson's Policies

Included the Indian Removal Act, opposition to the national bank, and increased presidential power.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that inspired reform movements including temperance, abolitionism, and women's rights.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention; issued the Declaration of Sentiments demanding suffrage and equality.

Era of Good Feelings

A period of national unity during Monroe's presidency, marked by the collapse of the Federalist Party and temporary decline in partisan politics.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law signed by Andrew Jackson that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River.

Lowell System

Early factory system in Massachusetts that employed young women in textile mills; symbolized industrialization and labor shifts.