Chapter Thirteen: Sexual Disorders and Gender Variations

Sexual Dysfunctions

a disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of the sexual response cycle

lifelong type sexual dysfunction

people struggle with a sexual dysfunction their whole lives

acquired type sexual dysfunction

normal sexual functioning preceded the dysfunction

generalized type sexual dysfunction

the dysfunction is present during all sexual situations

situational type sexual dysfunction

the dysfunction is tied to particular situations

desire phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction to others

can also be separate dysfunctions

female hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual arousal disorder

excitement phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing

vascular problems

problems with the bodys blood vessels

nocturnal penile tumescence

measure of erections during sleep

rough screening device

a patient fastens a snap gauge band around his penis before going to sleep

cognitive-behavioral theory

once a man begins to have erectile problems, he becomes fearful about failing to have an erection and worries during each sexual encounter, taking on a spectator role that becomes the reason for the ongoing problem

spectator role

a state of mind that some people experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and their enjoyment are reduced

orgasm phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle during which a persons sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically

early ejaculation

a dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm and ejaculates within 1 minute of beginning sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to

past masturbation habits

may have difficulty reaching orgasm in the absence of the sensations tied to objects used in masturbation

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

a sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse

vaginismus / pelvic floor hypertonus

the muscles around the outer third of the vagina involuntarily contract, preventing entry of the penis

dyspareunia

severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse

affectual awareness

patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerability, and other negative emotions they may ave concerning sex

self-instruction training

help patients change their negative reactions to sex

tease technique

partner keeps caressing the man, but if the man gets an erection, the partner stops caressing him until he loses it

directed masturbation training

a woman is taught step by step how to masturbate effectively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions

paraphilias

patterns in which people repeatedly have intense sexual urges or fantasies or display sexual behaviors that involve objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms

paraphilic disorder

a disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes a person significant distress or impairment or when the satisfaction of the paraphilias places the person or other people at risk of harm

antiandrogens

drugs that lower the production of testosterone and reduce the sex drive

psychodynamic view of fetishistic disorder

fetishes are defense mechanisms that help people avoid the anxiety produced by normal sexual contact

cognitive-behavioral theory of fetishistic disorder

fetishes are acquired through classical conditioning

aversion therapy

electric shock was administered to the arms or legs of participants with this disorder while they imagined their objects of desire

covert sensitization

people with fetishistic disorder are guided to imagine the pleasurable object and repeatedly to pair this image with an imagined aversive stimulus until the object of sexual pleasure is no longer desired

masturbatory satiation

the client masturbates to orgasm while fantasizing in detail about fetishistic objects while masturbating again and continues the fetishistic fantasy for an hour

cognitive-behavioral theory

transvestic arousal and behavior are learned responses, acquired most often through classical conditioning

voyeuristic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person experiences recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting individual who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity

psychodynamic theory

people with voyeuristic disorder are seeking by their actions to gain power over others, possibly because they feel inadequate or are sexually or socially shy

cognitive-behavioral theory

the disorder is a learned behavior that can be traced to a chance and secret observation of a sexually arousing scene

classic type

attracted to prepubescent children

hebephilic type

attracted to early pubescent children

pedohebephilic type

attracted to prepubescent and early pubescent children

hypoxyphilia

people strangle or smother themselves in order to enhance their sexual pleasure

autoerotic asphyxia

people may accidentally induce a fatal lack of oxygen by hanging, suffocating, or strangling themselves while masturbating

modeling

adolescents observe others achieving sexual satisfaction by inflicting pain

assigned gender

the gender a person is born as

gender identity

ones personal experience of their gender

transgender

individuals who have a sense that their gender identity is different from their assigned gender

transgender women

people who identify as female but were assigned male at birth

transgender men

people who identify as male but were assigned female at birth

Gender Dysphoria

a pattern in which individuals experience significant distress or impairment as a consequence of their transgender feelings

**Sexual Dysfunction**

A disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of the sexual response cycle

**Lifelong Type Sexual Dysfunction**

People struggle with a sexual dysfunction their whole lives

**Acquired Type Sexual Dysfunction**

Normal sexual functioning preceded the dysfunction

**Generalized Type Sexual Dysfunction**

The dysfunction is present during all sexual situations

**Situational Type Sexual Dysfunction**

The dysfunction is tied to particular situations

**Desire Phase**

The phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction to others

**Excitement Phase**

The phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing

**Nocturnal Penile Tumescence**

Measure of erections during sleep

**Spectator Role**

A state of mind that some people experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and their enjoyment are reduced

**Orgasm Phase**

The phase of the sexual response cycle during which a person’s sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically

**Early Ejaculation**

A dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm and ejaculates within 1 minute of beginning sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to

**Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder**

A sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse

**Vaginismus / Pelvic floor hypertonus**

The muscles around the outer third of the vagina involuntarily contract, preventing entry of the penis

**Dyspareunia**

Severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse

**Affectual Awareness**

Patients visualize sexual scenes in order to discover any feelings of anxiety, vulnerability, and other negative emotions they may ave concerning sex

**Self-instruction Training**

Help patients change their negative reactions to sex

**Desire Diary**

Patients record sexual thoughts and feelings

**Tease Technique**

Partner keeps caressing the man, but if the man gets an erection, the partner stops caressing him until he loses it

**Viagra**

Drug that increases blood flow to the penis

**Pause Procedure**

Edging

**Directed Masturbation Training**

A woman is taught step by step how to masturbate effectively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions

**Paraphilias**

Patterns in which people repeatedly have intense sexual urges or fantasies or display sexual behaviors that involve objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms

**Paraphilic Disorder**

A disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes a person significant distress or impairment *or* when the satisfaction of the paraphilias places the person or other people at risk of harm

**Antiandrogens**

Drugs that lower the production of testosterone and reduce the sex drive

**Psychodynamic View of Fetishistic Disorder**

Fetishes are defense mechanisms that help people avoid the anxiety produced by normal sexual contact

**Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Fetishistic Disorder**

Fetishes are acquired through classical conditioning

**Aversion Therapy**

Electric shock was administered to the arms or legs of participants with this disorder while they imagined their objects of desire

**Covert Sensitization**

People with fetishistic disorder are guided to imagine the pleasurable object and repeatedly to pair this image with an imagined aversive stimulus until the object of sexual pleasure is no longer desired

**Masturbatory Satiation**

The client masturbates to orgasm while fantasizing in detail about fetishistic objects while masturbating again and continues the fetishistic fantasy for an hour

**Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Transvestic Disorder**

Transvestic arousal and behavior are learned responses, acquired most often through classical conditioning

**Voyeuristic Disorder**

A paraphilic disorder in which a person experiences recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting individual who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity

**Psychodynamic Theory of Voyeuristic Disorder**

People with voyeuristic disorder are seeking by their actions to gain power over others, possibly because they feel inadequate or are sexually or socially shy

**Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Voyeuristic Disorder**

The disorder is a learned behavior that can be traced to a chance and secret observation of a sexually arousing scene

**Classic Type Pedophile**

Attracted to prepubescent children

**Hebephilic Type Pedophile**

Attracted to early pubescent children

**Pedohebephilic Type Pedophile**

Attracted to prepubescent and early pubescent children

**Hypoxyphilia**

People strangle or smother themselves in order to enhance their sexual pleasure

**Autoerotic Asphyxia**

People may accidentally induce a fatal lack of oxygen by hanging, suffocating, or strangling themselves while masturbating

**Assigned Gender**

The gender a person is born as

**Gender Identity**

One’s personal experience of their gender

**Transgender**

Individuals who have a sense that their gender identity is different from their assigned gender

**Transgender women**

People who identify as female but were assigned male at birth

**Transgender men**

People who identify as male but were assigned female at birth

**Gender Dysphoria**

A pattern in which individuals experience significant distress or impairment as a consequence of their transgender feelings