Microbe Applications

Uses microbes on a large scale to produce product, such as enzymes, foods, and beverages that are not genetically modified

Industrial microbiology

Uses genetically modified microbes to produce high value products at the organism to not naturally produce

Bio technology

Uses in vitro techniques to alter genes in the laboratory

Genetic engineering

Expressing a gene in a different host

Heterologous expression

Arranging bio bricks to form new genetic elements for insertion into microbes are higher organisms

Synthetic biology

These are bits and pieces of DNA

Biobricks

What is the first objective of genetic engineering?

Isolate and amplify copies of specific genes

What is the key method for amplifying specific genes?

Polymerase chain reaction

The artificial amplification of DNA sequence by repeated cycles of strand, separation and replication

Polymer chain reaction

What is used to denature the double-stranded copies of DNA with the use of a thermo stable DNA polyamorous

High temperatures

DNA Polyamorous isolated from the thermophilic, hot spring bacterium thermus aquaticus is stable to 95°C

Taq polymerase

This Polymerase is isolated from the hypothermic species of archaea pyrococcus furiosus

• most stable

Pfu polymerase

A technique that employees an agarose gel to separate nucleic acid fragments, based on differences in their size and charge

Gel electrophoresis

The movement of desire genes from their original source to a small manipulable genetic element

Molecule cloning

This provides the foundation for much of genetic engineering

Cloning

This uses synthetic DNA including techniques to introduce mutations At precise sites and can improve properties with genetic engineering

Site directed Mutagenesis

This gene and codes, protein, easy to detect, and may be used to report the presence or absence of a genetic element or DNA with an vector

Reporter, Jean

What is an example of a reporter gene

Green fluorescent protein

The collective gnomes of an environment

Meta-genome

The process of identifying and isolating, potentially useful genes from the environment, without culturing the organisms that contain them

Gene mining

These are needed for entire pathways because they can carry large DNA inserts

Bacterial artificial chromosomes

These are genetically engineered organisms that contain a gene from another organism

Transgenic organisms

What does it mean for something to be genetically modified

Whether or Not the thing contains foreign DNA

What are the four crops that are mainly genetically modified

Soybeans, corn, cotton, canola

What are targets for improvement with herbicide and insecticide plants?

Herbicide, insect, and microbial disease, resistance and improvement, improve product quality

Assembling a new or improved, biochemical pathway, using genes from one or more organisms

Pathway engineering

Energy sources produce from living organisms

Biofuels

Sugars can be fermented by microorganisms to create

Ethanol

What must happen to cellulosic materials before fermentation

They must be digested

Bacteria or algae that can generate an ___ Can make microbial fuel cells

Electric current

These are resistant to degradation made of chemicals that do not naturally occur in the nature such as plastic

Xeno biotics

What is the goal of synthetic cells?

Creating an entire cell from scratch

Artificial construction of the bacterial genome inserted into a different species to yield viable cells

Synthetic bacterium

What tool has the potential to revolutionize medicine medicine?

CRISPR

What can CRISPR do

Change specific genes in living cells