HGAP Unit 2 Study Guide

type shi

population distribution

the pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface

Eurasia

consists of Europe, 10% humanity, and Asia, 60% of humanity

ecumene

portion of Earth’s surface w/ permanent human settlement, greatly expanded over human history

population clusters

heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution

list the four main population clusters

1. South Asia

2. Southeast Asia

3. East Asia

4. Europe

metacities

cities with more than 20 million residents, i.e. Delhi

megacities

cities with more than 10 million residents, i.e. Mumbai

developed country

a country with an advanced economy and high standard of living

developing country

a country of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

sparsely populated areas

extensive unpopulated areas

snow belt

states located in the northern and midwestern parts of the country which lose population

sunbelt

states in Coastal areas and the South and Southwest which gain population

mean center of population

the balancing point given the distribution of the population, steadily moving southwest

list the 6 factors that affect population distributtion

elevation, bodies of water, climate, culture, economic development, disease

population density

average number of people per unit of land area

list 3 types of population densities

1. arithmetic/crude

2. physiological

3. agricultural

arithmetic/crude density

the average number of people per unit of land area

physiological denisty

the average number of people per unit area of arable land; more unused land → physiological > arithmetic

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land, which is low in developed countries

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

5 consequences of population distribution

govt sectors determine services, house of representatives, destroy habitats/impact carrying capacity, urban area increases, diseases spread faster n more damage from disasters

human well-being

• the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

carrying capacity

number of people an environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

population composition

the makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

age structure

refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups

• developed → more old people

• undeveloped → more young people

dependency ratio

the number of dependents in a population that each 100-working age people (15-64) must support

dependents

• people younger than 15 and older than 65 years of age

youth dependency ratio

number of young dependents in a population (<15 years) that every 100 working-age people must support

elderly dependency ratio

number of elderly dependents in a population (usually >64 years) that every 100 working-age people must support

generation

groups born around the same time that share traits bc of cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

5 generations

1. GI generation

2. silent

3. baby boomer

4. gen x

5. millennials

baby boomers

• people born from 1946 to 1964 during the post-WWII uptick in birth rate

sex ratio

the ratio of the number of men to the number of women in a population

androcentrism

• a phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

3 causes of unbalanced sex ratios

1. cultural preferences

2. gender selective migration

3. war

infanticide

practice of killing infants

population pyramid

x-axis: percentages of males or females
y-axis: age co-horts

4 typical shapes of population pyramids

1. rapid growth → wide pyramid shape, high BR

2. slow growth → narrowish pyramid/cylinder, lil higher BR

3. stability → pillar, BR = DR

4. decline → inverted pyramid, BR < DR

population dynamics

the growth and change of human population on Earth

demographic equation

calculates total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (1 year)

crude birth rate

the traditional way of measuring birth rates; total number of live births / total mid-year population * 1000 = crude birth rate

low birth rate

• a crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate

• a crude birth rate between 20 and 30 births per 1000 people

high birth rate

• a crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

total fertility rate

average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered from 15 to 49

replacement level fertility

the average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time; 2.1 globally

5 factors affecting fertility rates

1. economic development

2. religious/cultural influence

3. education

4. gender roles

5. population policies

gender roles

culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman

crude death rate

total number of deaths in one year / total mid-year population * 1000

infant mortality rate

measures how many infants die within the first year of their life for every 1000 live births

• best → accounts for standards of living

child mortality rate

deaths of children under five years of age for every 1000 people

rate of natural increase

the number of births minus deaths in a given year, expressed as a percentage of total population

• (CBR - CDR)/10 = RNI

zero population growth

when a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is 0

doubling time

the number of years for a population to double in size

rule of 70

divide 70 by a country’s RNI to get its doubling time

demographic transition model

how CBR, CDR, and RNI change over time as countries go through industrialization and globalization to change from agrarian societies to urbanized, industrialized areas

5 stages of the DTM

1. high stationary

2. early expanding

3. late expanding

4. low stationery

5. natural decrease

explain high stationary stage (2)

• stable population → no growth

• high CBR and high CDR

explain early expanding stage (3)

• population explosion

• high birth rates > decreasing death rates by a LOT

• most of sub-saharan Africa

explain late expanding stage (3)

• CBR rapidly DECLINE

• RNI (growth) decreases also

• many developing countries

explain low stationary stage (4)

• low CBR and low CDR

• slow population growth

• aging is an issue

• many DEVELOPED countries

explain natural decrease (5)

• completed demographic transition

• TFR < replacement levels

• DR > BR → natural decrease in populations over time

• i.e. Japan

• population can grow due to immigration

3 critiques of the DTM

• doesn’t explain mortality and fertility declines

• nonlinear progression

• accelerated transition

epidemiological transition theory

how changes in healthcare and living standards affect patterns of disease, proposed by Abdel Omran

4 stages of etm

1. Age of Pestilence and Famine

2. Age of Receding Pandemics

3. Age of Degenerative and Human-Made Diseases

4. Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases

explain the age of pestilence and famine (5)

• deadly infectious epidemics

• high fluctuating death rates

• little to no population growth

• low life expectancy

• NO COUNTRY today

explain the age of receding pandemics (5)

• HUGE decline in death rates b/c of 1st industrialization

• higher life expectancy

• population growth speeds up

• increased risk of dying from chronic and degenerative diseases

• many sub-Saharan Africa

degenerative diseases

• a disease that caused deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart attack, stroke, and dementia

explain the age of degenerative and human-made diseases (5)

• declining mortality rates and eventually stabilize

• chronic and degenerative diseases are the major causes

• redistribution of deaths from the YOUNG to the OLD

• >70 years

• South Korea and South Africa, e.g., are at this final stage

explain the age of delayed degenerative diseases

• some scholars extended and added this

• improvements in life expectancy and technology for preventing/treating degenerative diseases

• improved lifestyle reduces risk of those diseases, working to be cured by medical research

• obesity and T2D

Malthusian

of or relating to Malthus’s theory or a follower of Malthus

Malthusian pressure

exponential ability to reproduce is faster than arithmetic ability to increase food production, resulting in starvation

proposed solutions to Malthusian pressure

• strong and constantly operating check on population

  • positive = premature death

  • negative checks = reduce births

overpopulation

• occurs when human population exceeds the food supply

neo-Malthusiasn

• people who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population, i.e. Ehrlich

critiques of Malthusian theory (5)

• threat of starvation motivates people

• population increase = more brainpower to fix scarcity

• no predictiosn came true

• more food than people

• slow population growth bc lower fertility rates

cornucopians

people who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources

• Boserup and Simon

Boserup effect

• the increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

anti-natalist policies

policies designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

consequences of anti-natalist policies (China)

• changing family structure

• unbalanced sex ratios

• aging population

3 examples of anti-natalist policies

1. China’s 1 child policy

2. Egypt: 2 is enough thru campaigns

3. India: forced sterilization

3 examples of pro-natalist policies

1. Russia’s incentives

2. Denmark campaigns

3. Spain govt

(moderate effect on population)

women’s status

degree of equality bw men and women based on access and control over both resources in the family and society

women’s empowerment

the increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

3 things that affect women’s fertility

• education

• access to family planning services

• participation in economic activities

aging population

a population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increase

2 ways to measure population aging

1. median age

2. percentage of elderly people

median age

the age that divides the population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older

graying

the process of populations in most countries getting older

3 causes of population aging

1. low fertility rates

2. longer life expectancies

3. age selective migration

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live from birth

4 consequences of aging population

1. labor force shortage

2. rising elderly dependency ratio

3. a changing economy (smaller, less consumption)

4. population decline

How do populations adapt to aging?

labor shortages → robots, women’s participation, foreigners working

better safety net socially

good healthcare and infrastructure

elderly programs

spatial mobility

all forms of geographical movement, including people’s everyday commuting and travels

social mobility

mobility that implies a chance in social hierarchy, aka climbing the social ladder

migration

the long-term relocation of people from one place to another

emigration

the act of a migrant leaving their place of origin internationally

immigration

the act of a migrant arriving at their destination country internationally

migration stream

the flow of all migrants from an origin to a destination

counterstream

the flow of all migrants in the direction opposite of a stream; destination back to the origin