bio 123 final huge

Blood volume

4-6 liters; 1-1.5 gallons; 7-9% total body weight

Liquid (Plasma)

Liquid/extracellular part;  2.6 liters (⅔ gallon); YELLOW PART OF TUBE

Formed elements

Suspended in Plasma; 2.4 liters (a little less than ⅔ gallon); contain RBCs, WBCs and Platelets; RED PART OF TUBE

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes; Carry both O2 and Co2 to tissues of the body

Small-diameter capillaries

RBC’s pass through because of deformation by tough and flexible plasma membrane

Biconcave disk

Thin center and thicker edges resulting in large cellular area

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Absence of nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles limits life span to about 120 days but provides more cellular space for red pigment; red because it has iron and carries oxygen

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes; immune system cells that help the body fight infections and protect against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances.

Granular Leukocytes

Granules present

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

Agranular leukocytes

Granules absent

• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

Platelets

Thrombocytes; Helps seals holes in vessels by forming clots

Platelet plug

Temporary clump of platelets that forms at a site of blood vessel injury to stop bleeding.

The formed elements such as RBC’s and WBC’s are made in which of the following areas of the body?

Red Bone Marrow

This protein not only gives red blood cells their color, they also are the main device in which oxygen is transported in the cell

Hemoglobin

If there is too much hemoglobin contained within red blood cells, it is called…

Hyperchromic

If a person has type B- blood type, this means

They have B antigens and A antibodies

This genetic blood disorder is prevalent in African-Americans and is recognizable by its moon-shaped red blood cells.

Sickle-Cell Anemia

2/3 of the heart lies to the __ of the body midline

Left

1/3 of the heart lies to the __ of the body midline

Right

The apex is on the __

Diaphragm

What is the main purpose of CPR?

To provide rhythmic compression that maintains blood flow to the body

The cardiac muscle that makes up the chamber of the heart is called

Myocardium

The two-layered fibrous sac that contains lubricated space is called

Pericardium

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart; heart relaxes and fills with blood

Systole

Contraction of the heart; heart contracts and pumps blood out of its chambers

Lub

AV valves closing

Dub

Sl valves closing

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

TOWARDS HEART

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Tricuspid valve

Semilunar valves (SL)

AWAY FROM HEART

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

Step 1 of heart

Superior/inferior vena cava

Step 2 of heart

Right Atria

Step 3 of heart

Atrioventricular (tricuspid) Valve (AV)

Step 4 of heart

Right Ventricle

Step 5 of heart

Pulmonary Valve (SL)

Step 6 of heart

Left and Right Pulmonary arteries to lungs

Step 7 of heart

2 Right and 2 left pulmonary veins into left Atria; NOW OXYGENATED

Step 8 of heart

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve (AV)

Step 9 of heart

Left Ventricle

Step 10 of heart

Aortic Valve (SL)

Step 11 of heart

Aorta to 3 arteries out

This node is considered the pacemaker of the heart

SA (sinoatrial) node

What makes up cardiac output

Heart rate and stroke volume

Artery

Carries blood AWAY from the heart

Vein

Carries blood TOWARDS the heart; Considered low pressure and therefore uses valves to aid blood return to the heart

Capillary

Exchange of nutrients and gases occur here; Consists of only the tunica interna and can allow red blood cells through one cell at a time

Tunica interna

Innermost layer of a blood vessel, made of endothelial cells that provide a smooth lining for blood flow

Tunica media

Middle layer of a blood vessel made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that control vessel diameter and blood pressure.

Tunica externa

Outermost layer of a blood vessel made of connective tissue that provides structure and protection.

The ___ allows and regulates a specific amount of blood to flow into the capillary bed

Precapillary schincter

This disorder of the blood vessels results in hardening of the arteries due to calcification of fatty deposits

Arteriosclerosis

Brain aneurysm

Stroke

In hepatic circulation, blood will pass through the ____, where excess glucose is removed as well as toxins

Liver

In fetal circulation, the aorta will carry _____ back to the placenta

Deoxygenated blood

Increase blood volume yields

Increase in blood pressure

Strong heart beat yields

Increase in blood pressure

Weak cardiac output yields

Decrease in blood pressure

High (thick) blood viscosity yields

Increase in blood pressure

Decreased peripheral resistance (vascular relaxation) yields

Decrease in blood pressure

If a person has a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or over, they are considered…

Hypertensive

Fluid within the tissue spaces that contain proteins and is returned back to the blood is called ___

Lymph

Right lymphatic duct ___ lymph from the body

1/4

Thoracic duct ___ lymph from the body; largest lymphatic vessels

3/4

When lymphatic vessels are blocked ___ can occur

Lymphedema

Lymph nodes aid the immune system by helping in the development of…

Lymphocytes

Why are lymph nodes often removed if someone has been diagnosed with breast cancer and expecting a tumor to be removed?

With the abundance of lymph nodes/vessels and lymph connects both tissues and vessels, it makes it easier for cancer to spread; extra precaution

What produces T cells

Thymus

Tonsils

Palatine tonsils - back of throat

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) - behind nose

Lingual tonsils - base of tongue

Often get infected

Skin and mucous are considered a type of ___ defense in the immune system

Non-Specific

Infection, redness, swelling, fever

Examples of inflammatory response; attracts immune cells to site of injury, increasing blood flow and vascular permeability

Natural active immunity

Immunity developed from direct sickness

Natural passive immunity

Immunity passed from mother to fetus

Artificial active immunity

Example are vaccinations

Artificial passed immunity

Immune cells developed outside the body

These are produced by B cells that are specific to antigens

Antibodies

These proteins “tag” in which antibodies are specific to

Antigens

Monocytes and neutrophils are examples of

Phagocytes

B and T cells are examples of these

Lymphocytes

Components of upper respiratory tract:

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Components of lower respiratory tract

Trachea

Bronchial tree

Lungs

Respiratory mucous serves as…

Air purification

The nose…

Warms and moistens air; Sense of smell

The pharynx…

Passageway for food, liquids and air; location of tonsils

The larynx…

Air distribution; Voice production

The trachea…

Windpipe; Moves air to lungs; Connects exterior environment with the lungs

The bronchial tree

Contains Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveoli

Bronchi…

Air passages of the lungs

Bronchioles…

Minute branches into which the bronchi divides

Alveoli…

Many tiny air sacs of the lungs that allows gas and blood exchange inside lungs

The lungs…

Location of alveoli

Disorder of the lower respiratory tract:

Pneumonia

When inhaling (inspiration), the diaphragm moves to the ___ postion

Downward; CONTRACTS

During exhalation (expiration) the diaphragm moves to the ___ position

Upward; RELAXES

What part of the brain is in charge of respiration

Brainstem

In ___ respiration occurs in a rapid and deep fashion

Hyperventilation

This protein combines with oxygen to become oxyhemoglobin and be carried into RBC’s

Hemoglobin

Air moves into the lungs due to a pressure gradient in which there is a ___ pressure outside

High

Air moves into the lungs due to a pressure gradient in which there is a ___ pressure within the lungs

Low

Initially, as lymph forms around the tissues, it is known as ___, which is also found in spaces around cells

Interstitial Fluid

Lymph nodes…

Are located throughout the body, filter lymph and aid the immune system in defense

Plasma B cells…

Produce antibodies very specific to the antigens on pathogens