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western philosophy

• concerned with uncovering the
  truth through systematic
  argumentation and theory

• use of REASON rather than faith

• focus on man as an individual

• development of a more scientific,
  theory-based approach in
  philosophy

• more individualistic, self-
  oriented approach in analyzing
  human condition

origin of western thought WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

• refers to the philosophical thought and work
  of the Western world

• historically, the term refers to the
  philosophical thinking of Western culture,
  beginning with the ancient Greek philosophy of
  the pre-Socratics

socrates of athens

• known to be the
  founder of Western
  Philosophy

ANCIENT
ROME

STOICISM

STOICISM TAO

seneca

epictetus

marcus
aurelius

STOICISM

• ancient Greek philosophy designed to help you stay calm, handle stress, and make good decisions under pressure.

• instead of trying to change the world to suit you, Stoicism teaches you to change your perspective to suit the world.

You can’t control what happens to you, but you can always control how you react to it. It’s about realizing that life is 10% what happens to you, and 90% how you respond to it. When you stop fighting the things you can't change, you find a deep sense of peacE

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

SCHOLASTICISM

SCHOLASTICISM TAO

ST. THOMAS
AQUINAS

ST. AUGUSTINE

SCHOLASTICISM

• application of philosophy to define and explain religious doctrines

• The Big Goal: Balancing religious faith with human logic.

• The Method: Solving tough questions through highly structured debates.

• Main Subject of Debates: Religion

• medieval art of using intense, structured logic to understand and defend faith. It is the reason why universities today still value debate, critical thinking, and looking at both sides of an argument.

SCHOLASTIC
METHOD

• Ask a question.

• List every single argument against their own
  point.

• Systematically use logic to prove those
  arguments wrong, one by one.

"Can I go to the party? I know you'll say it's late, it's
far, and I have homework. But my homework is
done, Kyle's dad is driving us, and I'll be home by 10."

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

HUMANISM

HUMANISM TAO

PETRARCH

DESIDERIUS ERASMUS

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

FRANCOIS RABELAIS

HUMANISM

• emphasis on human person

• use of philosophy to understand society, nature and humanity

• The Core Belief: Humans have the brains, talent, and responsibility to improve the world through art, science, and education.

• They focused heavily on education—studying history, literature, and science—because they believed that well-rounded learning makes us better citizens.

• philosophy that tells you to use your brain, trust your potential, and take responsibility for making your school, your community, and your world a better place.

BEFORE HUMANISM

• The main goal of life is surviving to get to Heaven.

• Human nature is sinful and weak.

• Art and science should only serve the Church

AFTER HUMANISM

The goal of life is to learn, create, and improve the world

today

Humans have infinite potential, talent, and value.

Art, literature, and science should explore the human

experience.

THE ENLIGHTMENT

RATONALISM

EMPIRICISM

SOCIAL & POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY

RATIONALISM

RENÉ DESCARTES

GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ

IMMANUEL KANT

RATIONALISM

• man has innate knowledge that can be accessed through intuition or deduction

• ultimate source of truth is pure human reason and logic, not what we see, hear, or touch.

• The Problem: Our eyes, ears, and touch are easily fooled by illusions, dreams, and perspectives.

• The Solution: Solving problems by sitting down, shutting out sensory noise, and thinking logically (like solving a math problem).

RENÉ DESCARTES

• father of modern rationalism

• He wanted to find one absolute truth that was impossible to doubt.

• He realized that a clever demon could be tricking his senses into experiencing a fake reality—kind of like being trapped in The Matrix.

• he realized there was one thing he couldn't doubt: the fact that he was doubting. Because doubting is a form of thinking, he had to exist as a thinking mind to do the doubting in the first place

• 'I think, therefore I am.'

• He proved his own existence purely through mental math and logic, without ever needing to look in a mirror.

EMPIRISM TAO

DAVID HUME

JOHN LOCKE

FRANCIS BACON

EMPIRISM

• knowledge is gain through experiences and senses

• true knowledge can only come from direct experience, observation, and testing.

• If you can't see it, touch it, hear it, taste it, or measure it, an empiricist doesn't believe it.

• foundation of modern science.

• Every time scientists run a clinical trial for a vaccine, look through a telescope, or collect data from an experiment, they are practicing empiricism.

• "pics or it didn't happen" philosophy

TABULA RASA

• when you are born, your brain is like a blank slate

• concept by John Locke

• You aren't born with built-in knowledge about math, god, or the world.

• Every single thing you know gets written onto that blank slate through your experiences as you grow up.

SOCIAL & POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY TAO

VOLTAIRE

JEAN-JACQUES
ROUSSEAU

THOMAS HOBBES

JOHN STUART MILL

SOCIAL & POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHY

The "Social" Lens

Focuses on society, values, and community.

Analyzes how we treat each other as human
beings. It targets core questions of social
justice, human rights, and how to distribute
opportunities or wealth fairly across a
population.

Focuses on power, laws, and the state.

Analyzes how a government should be
structured and run. It examines who gets to
make rules, why citizens must follow them,
and when a government's authority is
actually legitimate.

How do we create a fair world for
everyone?"

The Three Big
Values

Liberty (Freedom

​Equality (Fairness)

​Authority (Security):

​Authority (Security):

Having a strong government to enforce laws and keep order.

​Equality (Fairness)

Ensuring everyone gets equal rights, opportunities, and protection.

LIBERTY FREEDOM

he right to choose your own life without government interference.

The Social
Contract

• A world with zero laws or government = total freedom, but absolute chaos and danger.

• We voluntarily give up a little bit of freedom

• The government guarantees safety, justice, and basic public services.