HIS Final Definitions

Laugier, Essai sur l’Architecture/Essays on Architecture

A book published in 1753 by Marc-Antoine Laugier, a French architectural theorist. It pushed for a return to simple, natural architecture

ex. Monticello

L’architecture parlante

French for “speaking architecture”, being able to read the function of the building from the exterior

ex. Royal Salt Works

A.W.N Pugin’s book, Contrasts

contrasts were published in 1836 by Augustus Pugin, a key figure in the Gothic revival movement in England

ex. Houses of Parliament

Industrial Revolution

the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing

ex. Crystal Palace

Viollet-le-Duc

French architect and author, famous for his restoration of the most prominent medieval landmarks in France

ex. Notre-Dame Paris

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

French architecture school whose primary mission is to provide high level fine arts education

ex. Garnier’s Paris Opera house was a result to this movement

Georges Eugene Baron Haussmann

a French administrator responsible for transforming Paris through urban renewal projects

ex. widening boulevards, incorporating uniform facades, and developing modern infrastructure

Mansard roof

a type of roof having two slopes on every side, the lower slope being considerably steeper than the upper

ex. Biltmore

John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture

a book including Ruskin’s 7 principles of architecture (beauty, truth, sacrifice, power, life, obedience, and memory)

Skyscraper

a multi story building with self-supporting steel frames, elevators, and fireproof materials

ex. Monadnock Building

Louis Sullivan, “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered”

an essay by Louis Sullivan written in 1896 that argued tall buildings should express their own height and follow a clear logic, not intimate styles

ex. Wainwright Building

Staff

artificial stone of powdered gypsum (plaster of Paris)

ex. Used in many buildings of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.

Plan of Chicago

inspirational neoclassical plan for chicago in the style of Paris, making a more organized and efficient city

ex. AKA Burnham Plan

William Morris

father of the arts and crafts movement (machines are evil)

ex. Red House

Bungalow

a type of low house with a low pitch roof and large front porch

ex. Gamble House by Greene and Greene

The Prairie School

was an early American architectural movement led by Frank Lloyd Wright. It emphasized horizontal lines, open floor plans, and harmony with the natural landscape

ex. Ward Willits House, FLW

Wright’s “The Art and Craft of the Machine”

an essay published by Wright in 1901 that argued machine was not the enemy of art but could instead be used as a machine to facilitate art

ex. Larkin Administration Building

Major Core influeces on Wright

Wright allegedly cited his 5 core influences as nature, japanese prints, Sullivan, Frobel blocks, and 19th-century transcendentalism

ex. utilized these ideals in many of his works, such as the Unity Temple

Ribbon Windows

long horizontal bands of windows

ex. Francis Little house FLW

“Breaking of the Box”

designing rooms that are not box shaped, moving to organic forms

ex. Unity Temple by FLW

Path of Discovery

design of a pathway usually w/ multiple turns that encourages the visitor to experience a building in a specific way

ex. Unity Temple

Gesamtkunstwerk

german term meaning “total work of art”

ex. Mrs. Cranston’s Tea Rooms

Zeitgeist

a word of German origin meaning “the spirit of the time”

ex. Crystal Palace with its glass and cast-iron

Loos, Ornament and Crime

was a 1908 essay written by Adolf Loos claiming that ornament was regressive and morally corrupt, claimed it should be functional and minimalist

ex. Loos’ Steiner House