Topic 1: Introduction - Brief History of Microbiology

Lucretius (98-55 B.C) and Girolamo Francastoro (1478- 1553)

Suggested that diseases were caused by “ invisible licing creatures”

Francesco Stelluti (1577-1652)

Made the earliest Observation on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galilelo

Robert Hooke

• Reported to the world that life;s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells”

• Marked the beginning of cell theory — all living things are composed of cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• Considered as the “ First true microbiologist”

• First actually to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed

• Wrote a series of letter to the Royal Society of London describing the animalcules he saw through his simple, single lens microscope (50x to 300x)

animalcules

tiny living and moving cells

Anton van leeuwenhoek

• made detailed drawing of animalcules in rainwater , in his own feces and in material scraped from his teeth

Spontaneous Generation

• Believed that some forms of life could ariase spontaneously from non-living matter

• toads, snakes, and mice could be born of moist soil; flies could emerge from manure; and that maggots, the larvae of flies, could arise from decaying corpses

Aristotle (384-322 B.C)

Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

• Demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat (1668)

• Results of his investigation invalidated the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things

John Needha, (1731-1781)

• Observed that a bouldmutton broth eventually became cloudy after pouring it into a flask that was then sealed tightly

• Found that even after he heated the fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms

• Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids

• Asserted that organic matter possessed a “vital force” that could give rise to life

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729- 1799)

• suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

• proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium

• showed that nutrients fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth

Anton Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)

• Showed the importance of oxygen in life

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

• challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of Biogenesis: living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)

Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube

Heinrich Schroder (1810-1885) and Theodore von Dusch (1824-1890)

Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of heat-sterilized medium

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation

• demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter-on solids, in liquids, and in the air

• demonstrated conclusivel y that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments

• form the basis of Aseptic Techniques

Aseptic Techniques

techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

Tyndallization

is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)

Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores

1857-1914

THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Theodor Schwann

• stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcoho

Pateur

• found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION

Pasteurization

• It is Pasteur's solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage:

Pasteur

• stated Souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria; in the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid)

Germ Theory of disease

• Microorganisms might have relationships with plants and animals---specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease

Agostino Bassi

• had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Ignaz Semmelweis (1816-1865)

• demonstrated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections (puerperal, or child -birth, fever ) from one obstetrical patient to another

• demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

• introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain

• applied the germ theory to medical procedures

• began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution

• pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease

• discovered Bacillus anthracis in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876)

• Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)

• first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extacts and protein

Koch Postulates

• a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host

2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host grows in a pure culture

3. The same disease must be present when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host

4. The same organism must be isolated again from the disease host

What is the 4 koch postulates

Fanny Hesse (1850-1934)

COLLABORATORS OF KOCH

• suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

Julius Richard Petri (1852-1921)

COLLABORATORS OF KOCH

• developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media

Martins Beijerink (1851-1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953)

COLLABORATORS OF KOCH

• developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION

• embarked on an experiment to find a way to protect people from smallpox

• introduced the concept of vaccination

PHYSICIANS IN CHINA

immunized patients by removing scales from drying pustules of a person suffering from a mild case of smallpox, grinding the scales to a fine powder, and inserting the powder into the nose of the person to be protected

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and PierrePaul Emile Roux (1853-1933)

IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION

• Pasteur used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture

• both made a series of experiments to produced attenuated stains of bacteria

• prove that when attenuated strains are introduced into healthy host, the latter remains protected and healthy against the virulent agent

Charles Chamberland (1851-1908)

IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION

• created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

Emil von Behring (1854-1917)

IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION

• prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)

IMMUNOLOGY: ADVENT OF VACCINATION

• first to described the immune system cells and he process of phagocytosis

Chemotherapy

HE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY: DREAMS OF A "MAGIC BULLET“

• treatment of disease by using chemical substances

• chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer

Antibiotic

HE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY: DREAMS OF A "MAGIC BULLET“

• Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms

Synthetic drugs

HE BIRTH OF MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY: DREAMS OF A "MAGIC BULLET“

• chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

THE FIRST SYNTHETIC DRUGS

• speculated about a bullet" that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host

• found a chemotherapeutic agent called Salvarsan (Arsphenamine), an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

Selman Waksman (1888-1973)

THE FIRST SYNTHETIC DRUGS

• discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotibs

• regarded as “Father of Antibiotics” by some historians

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

A FORTUNATE ACCIDENTANTIBIOTICS

• accidentally discovered Penicillin

• mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum (later renamed Penicillium chrysogenum

Howard Florey (1898-1968) and Ernst Chain (1906-1979)

A FORTUNATE ACCIDENTANTIBIOTICS

• Made the purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans

Edward Abraham (1913-1999)

A FORTUNATE ACCIDENTANTIBIOTICS

• First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin