Units 5 "Revolutions" AP World History

Unit five of AP world history Key Terms to study for the AP test

John Locke (5.1)

Theme: Government

viewed political life as the result of a social contract, argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government. Locke thought that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.

social contract (5.1)

Theme: Government

by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order.

tabula rasa (5.1)

Theme: Government

a blank state of mind waiting to be filled with knowledge.

philosophes (5.1)

Theme: Government

a new group of thinkers and writers who came to be called the philosophes explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways

Baron Montesquieu (5.1)

Theme: Government

praised the British government’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament. Montesquieu thus influenced the American system, which adopted his ideas by separating its executive branch (the president) from its legislative branch (Congress) and both from its third branch ( the federal judiciary) .

Voltaire (5.1)

Theme: Government

Voltaire lived in England long enough to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights. He brought these ideas back to France, where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform. His idea of religious liberty influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (5.1)

Theme: Government

expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke. An optimist who believed that society could improve, Rousseau inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century.

Enlightenment (5.1)

Theme: Culture

The ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, and around the world.

deism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion.

liberalism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

a group of political, social, and economic theories that are based on liberty, equality, and consent of the governed.

conservatism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectability.

empiricism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

is the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments

nationalism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture

classical liberalism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.

feminism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

This period saw the emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.

abolitionism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

Reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to freedom for enslaved people and the end of serfdom. Abolitionism, the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century. Slave trading was banned earlier than slavery itself.

Zionism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East

anti-Semitism (5.1)

Theme: Culture

hostility toward Jews, and pogroms—violent attacks against Jewish communities

Adam Smith (5.1)

Theme: Economics

One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. Smith responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade. While Smith did support some government regulations and saw the benefits of taxes, he generally advocated for laissez-faire

laissez-faire (5.1)

Theme: Economics

This approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.

capitalism (5.1)

Theme: Economics

an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for proft.

socialism (5.1)

Theme: Economics

refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.

utopian socialists (5.1)

Theme: Economics

Those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

Fabian Society (5.1)

Theme: Economics

The Fabians were gradual socialists: they favored reforming society by parliamentary means.

Declaration of Independence (5.2)

Theme: Government

the Declaration of Independence expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fght against British rule. In the document, Thomas Jefferson picked up the phrase “unalienable rights” from John Locke. For Jefferson, these rights were to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In the war that followed, the colonists triumphed in 18 with crucial help from Britain’s long-time enemy, France.

Declaration of the Rights of Man (5.2)

Theme: Government

a statement declaring basic human rights. Louis XVI and the nobility refused to accept the limited monarchy, which led to dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French Republic

Reign of Terror (5.2)

Theme: Government

a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins. After a period of turmoil and war, the brilliant general Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France

liberté, égalité, et fraternité (5.2)

Theme: Culture

liberty, equality, and fraternity . These ideas, which struck many people as radical, were popularized throughout Europe

realpolitik (5.2)

Theme: Government

the practical politics of reality, which came to be called realpolitik.

Ottomanism (5.2)

Theme: Government

a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state. Officials sought to do this by minimizing the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire.

Bastille (5.2)

Theme: Society

a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy

spinning Jenny (5.3)

Theme: Technology

reduced the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth. allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

water frame (5.3)

Theme: Technology

used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel. The water frame was more efficient than a single person’s labor

factory system (5.3)

Theme: Technology

n doomed the household textile cottage industry, as textile production was moved to factories big enough to house these bulky machines

agricultural revolution (5.3)

Theme: Economy

An increase of food production that led to a spike in population

crop rotation (5.3)

Theme: Economy

rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

seed drill (5.3)

Theme: Economy

a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground

Industrial Revolution (5.3)

Theme: Economy

new technologies were reshaping societies. These technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economies.

industrialization (5.3)

Theme: Economy

the increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences.

interchangeable parts (5.3)

Theme: Economy

f a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part.

division of labor (5.3)

Theme: Economy

Factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product

specialization of labor (5.3)

Theme: Economy

each worker could focus on one type of task.

seaways (5.3)

Theme: Environment

rivers that were well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.

Manchester and Liverpool (5.3)

Theme: Environment

Urban cities that farmers moved to in order to make more money

Trans-Siberian Railroad (5.4)

Theme: Economy

Russia had more than 36,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas, , allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia, such as China and Japan.

company rule (5.4)

Theme: Economy

British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent

human capital (5.4)

Theme: Economy

the workforce was a key factor in U.S. success. Political upheaval and widespread poverty brought a large number of immigrants to the United States from Europe and East Asia. These immigrants, as well as migrants from rural areas in the United States, provided the labor force to work in the factories.

coal (5.5)

Theme: Environment

generated energy for machinery in textile factories.

coaling stations (5.5)

Theme: Environment

important refueling points.

Transcontinental Railroad (5.5)

Theme: Technology

connected the Atlantic and PacifIc oceans, facilitated U.S. industrial growth.

steam engine (5.5)

Theme: Economy

provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam,

steel (5.5)

Theme: Economy

Valuable Resource incorporated in Architecture

oil (5.5)

Theme: Economy

A valuable US resource that was used for lighting and heaters

capital (5.5)

Theme: Economy

money available to invest in a business

second industrial revolution (5.5)

Theme: Society

The innovations of the first industrial revolution were in textiles, steam power, and iron. The developments of the second industrial revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

zaibatsu (5.6)

Theme: Economy

powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the United States.

Meiji Restoration (5.6)

Theme: Government

The overthrow of the shogun and restoration of the emperor, adopted reforms that they admired about westerners

Charter Oath (5.6)

Theme: Government

The japanese formally abolished feudalism

corporations (5.7)

Theme: Economy

a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders

stockholders (5.7)

Theme: Economy

individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market .

monopoly (5.7)

Theme: Economy

control of a specific business and elimination of all competition

transnational (5.7)

Theme: Economy

operated across national boundaries

Hong Kong and Shanghai (5.7)

Theme: Economy

a British-owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.

Unilever Corporation (5.7)

Theme: Economy

a British and Dutch venture, focused on household goods

Bessemer process (5.7)

Theme: Technology

a more efficient way to produce steel, gaining a monopoly in the German steel industry.

Communist Manifesto (5.8)

Theme: Economy

summarized their critique of capitalism. capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced tremendous wealth, but that it also produced needless poverty and misery. This contradiction between wealth and poverty occurred because capitalism divided society into two basic classes.

means of production (5.8)

Theme: Economy

machines, factories, mines, and land,

utilitarianism (5.8)

Theme: Economy

utilitarianism sought “the greatest good for the greatest number of people.” Unlike utopian socialists, who wanted to replace capitalism, utilitarians wanted to address the growing problems they saw with it. They viewed themselves as moderate, rational advocates of gradual reform.

labor unions (5.8)

Theme: Society

organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract.

proletariat (5.8)

Theme: Society

essentially the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation.

bourgeosie (5.8)

Theme: Society

the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.

bushido (5.8)

Theme: Society

their samurai code of conduct, was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government.

genros (5.8)

Theme: Society

Some samurai adjusted to the change by serving the government as genros, or elder statesmen.

Self-Strengthening Movement (5.8)

Theme: Government

Chinas major reform effort of the late 19th century developed as a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China. Government officials hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing its military technology and readiness and by training Chinese artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals

Hundred Days of Reform (5.8)

Theme: Government

a set of sweeping reforms known as the Hundred Days of Reform. The reforms included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.

mass production (5.9)

Theme: Economy

made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before

tenement (5.9)

Theme: Culture

Working families crowded into shoddily constructed tenement apartment buildings, often owned by factory owners themselves

slums (5.9)

Theme: Culture

areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live

working class (5.9)

Theme: Society

At the bottom rungs of the social hierarchy were those who labored in factories and coal mines. They were known as the working class

white-collar (5.9)

Theme: Society

A new middle class emerged, consisting of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals. They were white-collar workers, those held by office workers. Most were literate and considered middle class