Unit five of AP world history Key Terms to study for the AP test
John Locke (5.1)
Theme: Government
viewed political life as the result of a social contract, argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government. Locke thought that people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.
social contract (5.1)
Theme: Government
by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order.
tabula rasa (5.1)
Theme: Government
a blank state of mind waiting to be filled with knowledge.
philosophes (5.1)
Theme: Government
a new group of thinkers and writers who came to be called the philosophes explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways
Baron Montesquieu (5.1)
Theme: Government
praised the British government’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament. Montesquieu thus influenced the American system, which adopted his ideas by separating its executive branch (the president) from its legislative branch (Congress) and both from its third branch ( the federal judiciary) .
Voltaire (5.1)
Theme: Government
Voltaire lived in England long enough to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights. He brought these ideas back to France, where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform. His idea of religious liberty influenced the U.S. Constitution.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (5.1)
Theme: Government
expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the work of Hobbes and Locke. An optimist who believed that society could improve, Rousseau inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century.
Enlightenment (5.1)
Theme: Culture
The ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, and around the world.
deism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion.
liberalism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
a group of political, social, and economic theories that are based on liberty, equality, and consent of the governed.
conservatism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectability.
empiricism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
is the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments
nationalism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture
classical liberalism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
feminism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
This period saw the emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.
abolitionism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
Reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to freedom for enslaved people and the end of serfdom. Abolitionism, the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century. Slave trading was banned earlier than slavery itself.
Zionism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
anti-Semitism (5.1)
Theme: Culture
hostility toward Jews, and pogroms—violent attacks against Jewish communities
Adam Smith (5.1)
Theme: Economics
One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. Smith responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade. While Smith did support some government regulations and saw the benefits of taxes, he generally advocated for laissez-faire
laissez-faire (5.1)
Theme: Economics
This approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.
capitalism (5.1)
Theme: Economics
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for proft.
socialism (5.1)
Theme: Economics
refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.
utopian socialists (5.1)
Theme: Economics
Those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities
Fabian Society (5.1)
Theme: Economics
The Fabians were gradual socialists: they favored reforming society by parliamentary means.
Declaration of Independence (5.2)
Theme: Government
the Declaration of Independence expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fght against British rule. In the document, Thomas Jefferson picked up the phrase “unalienable rights” from John Locke. For Jefferson, these rights were to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In the war that followed, the colonists triumphed in 18 with crucial help from Britain’s long-time enemy, France.
Declaration of the Rights of Man (5.2)
Theme: Government
a statement declaring basic human rights. Louis XVI and the nobility refused to accept the limited monarchy, which led to dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French Republic
Reign of Terror (5.2)
Theme: Government
a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen, sprang from the Jacobins. After a period of turmoil and war, the brilliant general Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France
liberté, égalité, et fraternité (5.2)
Theme: Culture
liberty, equality, and fraternity . These ideas, which struck many people as radical, were popularized throughout Europe
realpolitik (5.2)
Theme: Government
the practical politics of reality, which came to be called realpolitik.
Ottomanism (5.2)
Theme: Government
a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state. Officials sought to do this by minimizing the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire.
Bastille (5.2)
Theme: Society
a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy
spinning Jenny (5.3)
Theme: Technology
reduced the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth. allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time
water frame (5.3)
Theme: Technology
used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel. The water frame was more efficient than a single person’s labor
factory system (5.3)
Theme: Technology
n doomed the household textile cottage industry, as textile production was moved to factories big enough to house these bulky machines
agricultural revolution (5.3)
Theme: Economy
An increase of food production that led to a spike in population
crop rotation (5.3)
Theme: Economy
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
seed drill (5.3)
Theme: Economy
a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
Industrial Revolution (5.3)
Theme: Economy
new technologies were reshaping societies. These technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economies.
industrialization (5.3)
Theme: Economy
the increased mechanization of production, and the social changes that accompanied this shift, had their roots in several influences.
interchangeable parts (5.3)
Theme: Economy
f a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part.
division of labor (5.3)
Theme: Economy
Factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product
specialization of labor (5.3)
Theme: Economy
each worker could focus on one type of task.
seaways (5.3)
Theme: Environment
rivers that were well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.
Manchester and Liverpool (5.3)
Theme: Environment
Urban cities that farmers moved to in order to make more money
Trans-Siberian Railroad (5.4)
Theme: Economy
Russia had more than 36,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas, , allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia, such as China and Japan.
company rule (5.4)
Theme: Economy
British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent
human capital (5.4)
Theme: Economy
the workforce was a key factor in U.S. success. Political upheaval and widespread poverty brought a large number of immigrants to the United States from Europe and East Asia. These immigrants, as well as migrants from rural areas in the United States, provided the labor force to work in the factories.
coal (5.5)
Theme: Environment
generated energy for machinery in textile factories.
coaling stations (5.5)
Theme: Environment
important refueling points.
Transcontinental Railroad (5.5)
Theme: Technology
connected the Atlantic and PacifIc oceans, facilitated U.S. industrial growth.
steam engine (5.5)
Theme: Economy
provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam,
steel (5.5)
Theme: Economy
Valuable Resource incorporated in Architecture
oil (5.5)
Theme: Economy
A valuable US resource that was used for lighting and heaters
capital (5.5)
Theme: Economy
money available to invest in a business
second industrial revolution (5.5)
Theme: Society
The innovations of the first industrial revolution were in textiles, steam power, and iron. The developments of the second industrial revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.
zaibatsu (5.6)
Theme: Economy
powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the United States.
Meiji Restoration (5.6)
Theme: Government
The overthrow of the shogun and restoration of the emperor, adopted reforms that they admired about westerners
Charter Oath (5.6)
Theme: Government
The japanese formally abolished feudalism
corporations (5.7)
Theme: Economy
a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
stockholders (5.7)
Theme: Economy
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market .
monopoly (5.7)
Theme: Economy
control of a specific business and elimination of all competition
transnational (5.7)
Theme: Economy
operated across national boundaries
Hong Kong and Shanghai (5.7)
Theme: Economy
a British-owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.
Unilever Corporation (5.7)
Theme: Economy
a British and Dutch venture, focused on household goods
Bessemer process (5.7)
Theme: Technology
a more efficient way to produce steel, gaining a monopoly in the German steel industry.
Communist Manifesto (5.8)
Theme: Economy
summarized their critique of capitalism. capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced tremendous wealth, but that it also produced needless poverty and misery. This contradiction between wealth and poverty occurred because capitalism divided society into two basic classes.
means of production (5.8)
Theme: Economy
machines, factories, mines, and land,
utilitarianism (5.8)
Theme: Economy
utilitarianism sought “the greatest good for the greatest number of people.” Unlike utopian socialists, who wanted to replace capitalism, utilitarians wanted to address the growing problems they saw with it. They viewed themselves as moderate, rational advocates of gradual reform.
labor unions (5.8)
Theme: Society
organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract.
proletariat (5.8)
Theme: Society
essentially the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation.
bourgeosie (5.8)
Theme: Society
the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.
bushido (5.8)
Theme: Society
their samurai code of conduct, was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government.
genros (5.8)
Theme: Society
Some samurai adjusted to the change by serving the government as genros, or elder statesmen.
Self-Strengthening Movement (5.8)
Theme: Government
Chinas major reform effort of the late 19th century developed as a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China. Government officials hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing its military technology and readiness and by training Chinese artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals
Hundred Days of Reform (5.8)
Theme: Government
a set of sweeping reforms known as the Hundred Days of Reform. The reforms included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.
mass production (5.9)
Theme: Economy
made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before
tenement (5.9)
Theme: Culture
Working families crowded into shoddily constructed tenement apartment buildings, often owned by factory owners themselves
slums (5.9)
Theme: Culture
areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live
working class (5.9)
Theme: Society
At the bottom rungs of the social hierarchy were those who labored in factories and coal mines. They were known as the working class
white-collar (5.9)
Theme: Society
A new middle class emerged, consisting of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals. They were white-collar workers, those held by office workers. Most were literate and considered middle class