BIO 290 JMU EXAM 1

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

Superior (cranial)

toward the head (top)

Inferior (caudal)

toward the feet (down)

Superficial

above the surface

Deep

below the surface

Lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

Midsagittal

divides body into left and right

Parasagittal

divides body into unequal right and left sides

Frontal

divides body into front(anterior) and back(posterior)

Transverse

divides body into upper(superior) and lower(inferior)

Cervical

7 (C1-C7) vertebrae

has foramen in the transverse processes

Thoracic

12 (T1-12) vertebrae

has costal facets (where ribs attach)

Lumbar

5 (L1-L5) vertebrae

no costal facets and no foramen in the transverse processes

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx

3-5 vertebrae

"tail"

Whats this?

What's this?

Superior vertebrae notch

Whats this?

What's this?

Inferior vertebrae notch

embryonic somites give rise to what structures in the trunk?

- vertebrae and ribs

- skin

- back muscles

- body wall muscles

bilateral

two sides

appendicular skeleton

- upper and lower appendages (arms and legs)

- shoulder girdle

- pelvis

lpslateral

same side

vertebrae characteristics

- dorsal hollow nerve cord

- notochord

- pharyngeal arches and pouches

- vertebrae (after birth, this stays the same)

What's this?

What's this?

intervertebral foramina

What's this?

What's this?

vertebral canal

What's this?

What's this?

inferior articular process

What's this?

What's this?

superior articular process

What are these 2 parts of the vertebral arch?

What's this?

TOP --> lamina (2)

BOTTOM --> pedicle (2)

What is a foreman?

a hole

What is C and B?

What's this?

C --> Spinous process

B --> Transverse processes

What is A and E?

What's this?

A --> Vertebral foreman

E --> Vertebral body

The spinous process points....?

posterior

The vertebral body points...?

anterior

regions of the trunk

- thorax

- abdomen

- pelvis

- perineum

contralateral

opposite side

vertebrates are...

segmental animals. (they exhibit serial repetition of structures along the longitudinal axis of the body)

Promixal

closer to origin

Distal

Farther away from origin

serial repetition of vertebrae come from what during development?

somites (groups of embryonic cells lying in pairs alongside the developing nerve cord.

axial skeleton

- vertebrae

- ribs

- sternum

unilateral

one side

structures in the trunk

segmental (derived from somites)

- skin

- vertebrae

- sternum

- back muscles

- body wall muscles

- kidney and gonads

name the sections of the sternum

green --> manubrium

blue --> body

purple --> xiphoid (process)

What part of the rib connects to the vertebrae?

Whats this?

black circle --> tubercle

other section with cartilage --> head

true ribs are...

1-7, connect to the sternum

false ribs are...

8-10, connects in the costal facets and have costal cartilages connected to the cartilage above them

floating ribs are...

11 and 12, don't connect to sternum or costal facets

What are the three sections of the OS Coxae?

ilium

ischium

pubis

name the regions of the vertebral column

- cervical

- thoracic

- lumbar

- sacrum

- coccyx

how many vertebrae are there?

33 vertebrae

name the atypical cervical vertebrae

C1 --> atlas (has no vertebral body)

C2 --> axis (has a dens)

C7 --> vertebra prominens (has a long spinous process)

how can you tell if a vertebrae is a from the lumbar region?

- no foramina in the transverse processes

- no costal facets

(L1-L5)

how can you tell if a vertebrae is from the cervical region?

has holes in the transverse processes (C1-C7)

somites give rise to what muscles in the trunk?

epaxial:

- dorsal to the transverse processes

- muscles of the back

hypaxial:

- ventral to the transverse processes

- muscles of the lateral/ventral body wall

BOTH ARE SKELETAL VOLUNTARY

what are the actions of the epaxial muscles?

bilateral: contracts on both sides at the same time

extend the vertebral column and head/neck

unilateral: only contracts on one side

laterally flex the vertebral column and head/neck (body moves to 1 side)

What's this?

What's this?

anterior longitudinal ligament

What's this?

What's this?

posterior longitudinal ligament

What's this? (green arrow)

What's this? (green arrow)

supraspinous

the .... is pulled toward the ....

the insertion is pulled toward the origin

Skeletal muscles are....

voluntary

What's this?

What's this?

nuchal ligament

What's this?

What's this?

ligamentum flavum

whats pressing on the spinal nerve cause?

herniated "slipped" disc

curvatures 2° is...

secondary curvature

- cervical spine

- lumbar spine

curvatures 1° is...

primary curvature

- thoracic spine

- sacrum

what is a tendon?

connects muscle to bone

what are ligaments?

connective tissue that connects bone to bone

whats the distinctive features of the coccyx?

the tail "vestigial tail"

whats the distinctive features of the sacrum?

5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5)

What are the sections of the intervertebral disc?

Whats this?

A --> annulus fibrosus

B --> nucleus pulpous

list the curvature abnormalities

- Kyphosis: involves the upper back curving forward. The condition can create the form of a hump. (thoracic spine)

- Lordosis: is also known as swayback. (lumbar spine)

- Scoliosis: is a frontal deformity in which the spine, when viewed straight on, curves to the left or the right.

how can you tell if a vertebrae is from the thoracic region?

costal facets (connection between a rib and vertebrae)

a fetus spine has a ... shape spine

c shaped spine

STUDY THE RIB

What's this? (medial view)

What's this?

iliac fossa

STUDY THE LIGAMENTS OF THE PELVIS

purpose of the vertebral column

- protection

- support

- posture

- balance

- movement (locomotion)

we remove what muscles to view the epaxial muscles

- trapezius

- latissimus dorsi

STUDY THE LABELED AREAS OF THE PELVIS

name all epaxial muscles (superficial --> deep) how do they run?

SUPERFICIAL LAYER:

- splenius m.

INTERMEDIATE LAYER: (erector sprinae)

- iliocostalis m.

- longissimus m.

- spinalis m.

DEEP LAYER:

- semispinalis m.

* run lateral to medial

female pelvis has a .... opening while male has a .... opening

female pelvis has a LARGER opening while males have a SMALLER opening

what makes up the central nervous system?

- spinal cord

- brain

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

- spinal and cranial nerves

- ganglia

Peripheral nervous system: Sensory VS Motor

SENSORY:

- transmit sensory info to CNS from receptors

- nerve impulse travel towards CNS

MOTOR:

- transmit motor commands away from CNS to effectors

- nerve impulse travel away CNS

what does afferent mean?

going into a structure (sensory input)

what does efferent mean?

leaving a structure (motor output)

somatic nervous system: somatosensory

sensory from skin

what are the segmental structures from the somatic nervous system?

- skin

- skeletal muscle

somatic nervous system: somatomotor

- output to skeletal muscle (epaxial and hypaxial)

- voluntary

autonomic nervous system: viscerosensory

sensory from viscera

what are the non-segmental structures from the autonomic nervous system?

- smooth muscle

- cardiac muscle

- glands, viscera

STUDY THE PARTS OF THE NEURON

nerve is a...

bundle of axons

a neuron is a...

nerve cell

STUDY THE TYPICAL SPINAL NERVE

spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal via the ....

intervertebral foramina

STRUCTURES ----> COMPONENTS?

dorsal roots

ventral roots

spinal nerves

dorsal rami

ventral rami

dorsal roots- SENSORY

ventral roots - MOTOR

spinal nerves - SENSORY AND MOTOR

dorsal rami - SENSORY AND MOTOR

ventral rami - SENSORY AND MOTOR

what are dermatomes?

ares of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve

what do cutaneous nerves do?

they provide sensory innervation to segmentally-derived skin