AP World History Ultimate Study AP Exam Flashcards

Long-distance trade

Economic exchange between distant regions.

Religious Mysticism

Focus on mystical experiences for divine connection.

Buddhism

Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizes suffering.

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism, known as the Buddha.

Four Noble Truths

Core principles of Buddhism addressing suffering and desire.

Theravada Buddhism

Focus on meditation and renunciation of self.

Mahayana Buddhism

More complex, emphasizes rituals and spiritual comfort.

Caste system

Social hierarchy rejected by Buddhism, appealing to lower ranks.

Christianity

Religion based on teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.

Jesus of Nazareth

Central figure in Christianity, claimed to be Messiah.

Bible

Sacred scripture of Christianity detailing Jesus' teachings.

Compassion and grace

Core values in Christianity appealing to marginalized groups.

Confucianism

Philosophical system emphasizing social order and relationships.

Analects

Collection of Confucius' thoughts and teachings.

Five fundamental relations

Key relationships in Confucianism that structure society.

Ruler and subject

First fundamental relation in Confucianism for governance.

Parent and child

Second fundamental relation emphasizing familial respect.

Husband and wife

Third fundamental relation focusing on marital harmony.

Older sibling and younger sibling

Fourth fundamental relation promoting familial hierarchy.

Impact of religions

Influence on social, political, and cultural developments.

Spread of Buddhism

Dissemination through trade routes across Asia.

Christianity's expansion

Growth through Europe and the Mediterranean by 3rd century.

Brahma

Supreme force in Hinduism, creator of everything.

Moksha

Ultimate goal in Hinduism; liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

Dharma

Rules and obligations of one's caste in Hinduism.

Vedas

Ancient sacred texts guiding Hindu beliefs.

Islam

Monotheistic religion founded on teachings of Muhammad.

Qur'an

Holy book of Islam containing revelations to Muhammad.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core acts of worship in Islam: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage.

Shia

Branch of Islam believing in Ali's leadership.

Sunni

Branch of Islam following elected leadership.

Judaism

Monotheistic faith centered on covenant with God.

Torah

Hebrew Bible containing laws and teachings of Judaism.

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic empire known for cultural and scientific advancements.

Golden Age

Period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing.

Feudalism

Hierarchical social system in medieval Europe.

King

Ruler with ultimate authority over a kingdom.

Nobles

Landowners with power in exchange for loyalty.

Vassals

Lesser lords who manage land for nobles.

Fiefs

Land granted to vassals for loyalty.

Code of Chivalry

Set of rules governing knights' behavior.

Primogeniture

Inheritance system favoring the eldest son.

Peasants

Farm workers with limited rights in feudal society.

Serfs

Bound laborers working on noble lands.

Nation-States

Political entities defined by culture and language.

Magna Carta

Document limiting the power of the English king.

House of Lords

Noble and clergy assembly in English Parliament.

House of Commons

Assembly of knights and wealthy citizens in England.

Hundred Years' War

Conflict between England and France over territory.

Joan of Arc

French heroine who led resistance against English.

Delhi Sultanate

Islamic kingdom in Northern India.

Rajput Kingdoms

Hindu principalities resisting Muslim invasions.

Khmer Empire

Hindu empire in Southeast Asia known for Angkor Wat.

Hausa Kingdoms

Islamic states in West Africa known for trade.

Mansa Musa

Wealthy ruler of Mali known for pilgrimage to Mecca.

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for economic and cultural advancements.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty restoring native rule after Mongols.

Zheng He

Chinese explorer known for maritime expeditions.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Feudal regime in Japan from 1600 to 1868.

National Seclusion Policy

Japan's ban on foreign travel and trade.

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases.

Encomienda System

Spanish colonial labor system exploiting native populations.

Middle Passage

Sea route for transporting enslaved Africans.

Mercantilism

Economic theory favoring trade surplus and colonialism.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Economic system minimizing government intervention.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth beginning in Britain.

Scientific Method

Systematic approach to scientific inquiry.

Marxism

Political theory advocating for class struggle and socialism.

Adam Smith

Economist advocating free market principles.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt leading to Haiti's independence.

Napoleonic Codes

Legal reforms established by Napoleon recognizing equality.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting to restore European balance after Napoleon.

Cossack Revolts

Resistance against Russian imperial expansion.

Resistance Movements

Efforts by colonized peoples to oppose foreign rule.

Transnational Businesses

International corporations enhancing European economic power.

Divine Right

Belief that monarchs are ordained by God to rule.

Social Contract

Theory that governments are formed to meet societal needs.

Neoclassical Period

Art and architecture imitating ancient Greek and Roman styles.

Huguenots

French Protestants facing persecution from Catholics.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance to French Protestants.

Thirty Years' War

Conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty ending the Thirty Years' War.

Ivan the Terrible

First czar of Russia known for his ruthlessness.

Peter the Great

Russian czar known for westernization efforts.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia promoting education and culture.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic empire spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Babur

Founder of the Mughal Empire in India.

Akbar

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor who ended religious tolerance.

Asanti Empire

West African kingdom avoiding colonization.

Queen Nzinga

Leader resisting Portuguese colonization in Angola.

Hanseatic League

Trade alliance in Northern Europe promoting commerce.

Silk Road

Ancient trade route connecting East and West.

Bubonic Plague

Disease that caused massive population decline in Europe.

Xuanzang

Chinese monk who traveled to India for Buddhism.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant who explored Asia.

Ibn Battuta

Islamic traveler documenting his journeys across the world.

Margery Kempe

English Christian traveler known for her pilgrimages.

Social Darwinism

Application of natural selection to societal hierarchies.

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling's justification for colonization.