Biology MCAS/final review (2nd half)

fit

they can survive/reproduce

Darwin’s theory

• species share common descent, and modern species should show similarities that show their common ancestry

• changes in species over time primarily caused by natural selection

homologous structures

body structures that show similarities in different species

A means to see changes in species over time is through their ___________

fossil record

vestigal structures

body structures that serve no purpose in modern species

embryonic similarities

similarities in embryonic development

what happens to the relative frequency of alleles in a gene pool when a population evolves?

if individuals are same species, what should they be able to do?

CC

changes. alleles become more/less common

create fertile offspring

The bottleneck effect occurs when a few surviving members exist in a population. Because these populations tend to be less diverse, they are ___________________ to survive a change in the environment.

For a population to be stable, it is better that the biodiversity in the population is _____________

• LESS LIKELY

• HIGH

What role does reproduction isolation play in speciation?

separates populations into two groups that do not breed together

what role does natural selection play in speciation? CE

natural selection will cause them to change different from one another because the populations are exposed to different environments

taxa KPCOFGS

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

How do viruses reproduce differently than cells?

they can only reproduce in a host cell

what other properties do viruses lack that living things have?

No metabolism, use a protein coat instead of lipid bilayer

Homeostasis

maintaining balance of internal conditions

Largest to smallest

organism→organ systems→organs→tissues→cells

nervous system

analyzes and responds to stimuli

endocrine system

controls bodily functions through chemical hormones

respiratory system

capture O2 for atmosphere to be absorbed into blood

circulatory system

uses blood to circulate O2 to cells to body

digestive system

breaks down molecules from food into basic nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream

excretory system

removes waste/toxins from body

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

brain and spinal cord

rest of nervous system

There are two types of neurons, sensory and motor neurons. _______ neurons send impulses to the brain, _______ neurons send impulses from the brain to the muscles, glands and organs of he body

SENSORY

MOTOR

Which hormone does the pancreas use in a positive/negative feedback loop?

Glucagon/insulin

What important process occurs in the Capillaries

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between cells and hemoglobin proteins in red blood cells

How does the respiratory treat the air as it enters the body?

it is warmed and moistened, cleaned by hairs, cilia and mucus

how are gases exchanged between air and blood in the alveoli?

oxygen inhaled in the air diffuses into the blood stream and CO2 in blood diffuses into air

how are nutrients from food entered into the blood stream?

nutrients diffuse from digested food through membranes of the villi into blood in capillaries and lymph to lymph vessels

• Digestion begins in the _______

• Most of the digestion occurs in the _______ while most of the nutrient absorption occurs in the ___________

• water absorption occurs in the __________ MSL

• MOUTH

• STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE

• LARGE INTESTINE

mechanical digestion

chemical digestion CE

ex. chewing

ex. enzyme breaks down into substance

how does the liver contribute to the excretory system removing waste from the body?

uses enzymes to break down toxins in blood

how do kidneys contribute to the excretory system removing waste from the body? RR

regulate water levels, remove toxins from blood

producer

creates own energy

primary consumer

eat plants

secondary consumer

meat eaters, eat the primary consumers

tertiary consumer

eats secondary consumer

• in the carbon cycle _______ converts CO2 to sugar while __________ converts sugar back to CO2. The burning of fossil fuels, volcanic activity, and decomposition also add co2 to the atmosphere

• in the nitrogen cycle, soil fungi convert nitrogen gas into a solid nitrogen compound through the process of ________ while other soil microbes convert solid nitrogen compound back into nitrogen gas through ________

• When a nutrient is limited in supply, it will ____ the size of populations in that environment

PNL

• PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• NITROGEN FIXATION, DENITRIFICATION

• LIMIT

niche

the role a species plays in an ecosystem

what happens when the two species occupy the same niche? OO

over complete for resources, one species adopts to another niche

what effect do invasive species have on an ecosystem?

why don’t invasive species have the same negative effects on their native ecosystem? OP

they out complete native species for resources

predators kept them in check

increased birth rate: _____

increased death rate: ______
increased immigration rate: ________

increased emigration rate: ________

INCREASE

DECREASE

INCREASE

DECREASE

formula calculate population change

birth rate - death rate + immigration rate - emigration rate

exponential growth occurs when conditions are ideal…

lot of food, shelter, resources, etc.

at carrying capacity

birth rate + death rate

why does growth slow when the population becomes too large?

competition increases as pop gets larger