AP Bio Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Macromolecules

element

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

matter

takes up space and has mass

compound

substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

atom

smallest unit of matter that has the properties of an element

neutrons

subatomic particle, no electrical charge

protons

subatomic particle, positive charge

neutrons

subatomic particle, negative charge

atomic nucleus

neutrons and protons

daltons

unit of measurement for neutron and proton mass

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

isotopes

two atoms of the same element with different amount of neutrons

half-life

time it takes for a parent isotope to decay into its daughter isotope

energy

capacity to cause change

potential energy

energy matter has because of its location and structure

electron shell/energy level

electron’s state of potential energy

2n²

shell capacity

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

covalent bond

sharing of a pair of valence electrons, non metal x non metal

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

single bond

a single covalent bond sharing one pair

double bond

a double covalent bond sharing two pairs

valence

bonding capacity of an atom

electronegativity

atom’s attraction to electrons in a covalent bond

non polar covalent

atoms share electrons equally

polar covalent

atoms share electrons unequally, one atom is more electronegative

ionic bond

attraction between an anion and cation, one atom strips the electron from the other, non metal x metal

ion

charged atom/molecule

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

hydrogen bond

hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative bond

water can make up to

four hydrogen bonds

water is

polar covalent

cohesion

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together for transportation

adhesion

attraction between different substances

surface tension

measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

kinetic energy

energy of motion

thermal energy

random motion of atoms or molecules

temperature

average kinetic energy in a body of matter

heat

thermal energy in transfer

specific heat

amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1g to change to change its temperature

heat of vaporization

heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

evaporative cooling

liquid evaporates —> remaining surface cools

solution

liquid that is completely alike mixture of substances

solvent

dissolving agent of a solution

solute

substance that is dissolved

aqueous solution

one in which water is the solvent

hydration shell

ions of a ionic compound surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

hydrophilic

polar, substance that has an affinity for water

hydrophobic

non-polar, substance is one that does not have an affinity for water

hydrogen ion (H+)

hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond leaves it’s electron and becomes a proton

hydroxide (OH-)

molecule that lost the proton

hydronium ion

molecule with the extra proton

ions conduct

electricity

acid

increases the H+ concentration of a solution

base

reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

acidic solutions have pH values

less than 7

basic solutions have pH values

greater than 7

buffers

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-

ocean acidification

CO2 dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid

ocean acidification negatives

H+ use carbonate ions that are needed for marine organisms to produce bicarbonate

carbon can make

4 bonds

organic chemistry

study of compounds that contain carbon

hydrocarbons

consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

isomer

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

structural isomers

drawn differently

cis-trans/geometric isomers

the element is rotated around a double bond

enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of one another

steriods

form of four fused rings

functional groups

common components of organic molecules

hydroxyl group

-OH or HO-

carbonyl group

C--O

ketone group

aldehyde

carboxyl group

-COOH, carboxylic acid

Amino group

-NH2

sulfhydryl group

-SH or HS-

phosphate group

-PO4 2-

methyl group

-CH3

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

three phosphate groups

contains both an amino group and carboxyl group

monomer

repeating units of a polymer

polymer

long molecule of many like building blocks

enzymes

specialized protein macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

dehydration reaction

water removed —> two monomers bond

hydrolysis

water added —> polymers split into monomers

carbohydrates

sugars and polymers of sugars

monosaccharides

multiples of CH2O, most basic sugars

Glucose

most common monosaccharide, represented by a green hexagon

disaccharide

two glucose connected

starch

storage polysaccharide of plants, amylose is simplest form

glycogen

storage polysaccharide in animals

cellulose

polysaccharide, polymer of glucose, two ring forms (alpha and beta)

chitin

structural polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of arthropods

glycosidic linkage

covalent bond between two monosaccharides due to a dehydration reaction

-ose

sugar

-ine

triple bond

-ane

single bonds

-ene

double bond

lipids

large biological class that does not have polymers