14. t lymphocytes subsets and effector functions

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33 Terms

1
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how can humoral immunity be transferred?

transfer antibodies from one animal to another

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how can cell-mediated immunity be transferred?

transfer T cells from one animal to another

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why might transfer of cell-mediated immunity be unsuccessful?

  • T cell recognition is self-MHC restricted → cannot recognize peptides in new host

  • transfer of cells between genetically dissimilar animals → rejection by recipient

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what are the general functions of T cell-mediated immunity?

  • protect against intracellular pathogens and cancer

  • protect against extracellular pathogens by recruiting inflammatory cells

  • responsible for graft rejection

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what determines the effector functions of CD4+ T cells?

the array of cytokines (effector molecules) they produce

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pleiotrophy

a single cytokine can have different effects based on the target cell

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redundancy

same functions driven by multiple different cytokines

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synergy

the effect multiple cytokines working together is greater than the sum of their individual effects

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antagonism

cytokines produce opposing effects

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what determines the functional differentiation/polarization of CD4+ T cells?

cytokines present in the early phases of activation

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type 1 immunity is associated with which type of CD4+ cell?

TH1

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what cytokine(s) does TH1 produce?

INF-γ

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what are the overall effects of type 1 immunity?

  • classical macrophage activation

  • complement binding and opsonizing IgG antibodies

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which immune cells are prominent during type 1 immunity?

monocyte/macrophages

(phagocyte-mediated defense)

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what type of pathogen is primarily targeted by type 1 immunity?

intracellular pathogens

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type 2 immunity is associated with which CD4+ cell?

TH2

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what cytokine(s) does TH2 produce?

  • IL-4

  • IL-13

  • IL-5

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what are the overall effects of type 2 immunity?

  • antibody production

  • mast cell degranulation

  • intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis

  • eosinophil activation

  • alternative macrophage activation (enhanced fibrosis/tissue repair)

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which immune cells are prominent during type 2 immunity?

  • eosinophils

  • mast cells

(IgE-eosinophil/mast cell-mediated defense)

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what type(s) of pathogens are primarily targeted by type 2 immunity?

parasites (helminths, arthropods); also involved in allergies

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type 3 immunity is associated with which CD4+ cell?

TH17

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where are TH17 cells often found?

mucosal tissues

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what cytokine(s) does TH17 produce?

  • IL-17

  • IL-22

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what are the overall effects of type 3 immunity?

  • neutrophil recruitment

  • inflammation

  • increased barrier integrity

  • epithelial production of antimicrobial peptides

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which immune cell is prominent during type 2 immunity?

neutrophils

(inflammation and neutrophil defense)

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what type(s) of pathogens are primarily targeted by type 2 immunity?

  • extracellular pathogens

  • fungi

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what stimuli triggers differentiation into TH1?

IL-12 and IFN-γ

  • macrophages/dendritic cells produce IL-12

  • NK cells produce IFNγ

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what is the signature transcription factor of TH1?

TBET

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what stimuli triggers differentiation into TH2?

IL-4 (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP)

  • IL-4 produced by mast cells, eosinophils

  • others produced by epithelim

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what is the signature transcription factor of TH2?

GATA-3

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what stimuli triggers differentiation into TH17?

fungal glycans/peptidoglycans activate macrophages and DCs to produce:

  • IL-1

  • IL-6

  • IL-23

  • TGF-β

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what is the signature transcription factor of TH17?

RORγt

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how do TH1 and TH2 activation interact with each other?

antagonistic interaction

  • TH1 response activates macrophages

  • TH2 response suppresses macrophages