Anatomy I

clavicular line

passes through the subclavicular joints

xiphoid line

passes through the xiphoidsternal joint and is a boundary between abdomen and thorax

bisiliac line

connects the two anterior superior iliac spines

transpyloric line

midline between the jugular notch of the sternum and the pubic symphysis

subcostal line

passes through the most incrinated points of the last 2 ribs

umbilical line

passes through the umbilicus

intertubecular line

connects the two pubic tubercles

anterior median line

divides the sternum into 2 symmetrical half

sternal line

tangent to the lateral border of the sternum

parasternal line

running vertically at 2 finger distance from the lateral border of the sternum

mammillary line

passes through the nipple in both sides and often coincides with the midclavicular line

midclavicular

descending from the midpoint of the clavicle

emiclavear pubic line

from the midpoint of the clavicle to the pubic tubercle crossing down and medially to the pelvis

anterior axillary line

descending from the lateral border of the pectorals Majoris

posterior axillary line

descending from the inferior border of the latissimus dorsi

midaxillary line

from the deepest point of the axilla

posterior medial line

passing through the spinous processes of all vertebrae

paravertebral line

passing through the apex of the transverse processes at a distance of 2-3 centimeters lateral the posterior median line, marking the boundaries of the paravertebral muscles

scapular line

originating from the inferior angle of the scapula and proceeding vertically downwards

long bones

length prevails over thickness and width- made by 2 epiphysis (spongy bone) and 1 diaphysis (medullar cavity) - ex. femurs - humerus

short bones

spongy bone wrapped in compact bone - ex carpals and tarsals

flat bones

two layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone on the inside - ex. sternum - scapula - cranium bones

sesamoid bones

small round bones embedded into tendons - ex. patella

irregular bones

unique shapes that can’t be classified - ex. vertebrae - mandible

periosteum

• Covers the external surface of bone, except the articular surfaces.

• Structure:

  • Outer fibrous layer

  • Inner osteogenic layer

• Contains:

  • Blood vessels

  • Lymphatic vessels

  • Nerves (responsible for bone pain)

• Functions:

  • Provides osteoblasts for new bone formation after fractures

  • Supports bone growth and repair through its osteogenic layer

endosteum

Thin connective tissue layer

Lines:

➢ Medullary cavity of long bones

➢ Areolae of spongy bone

Properties similar to periosteum but thinner

attaching to the superior nuchal line

trapezius muscle - occipital muscle - sternoid part of the sternocleidomastoideus - splenius capitis muscle - semiespinalis capitis muscle

attaching to the highest nuchal line

epicranial aponeurosis

attaching to the inferior nuchal line

obliqus capitis superior - rectus capitis posterior (major and minor)